Polluted soils

Stainless steels in soil can only be attacked by pitting corrosion if the pitting potential is exceeded (see Fig. 2-16). Contact with nonalloyed steel affords considerable cathodic protection at f/jj < 0.2 V. Copper materials are also very resistant and only suffer corrosion in very acid or polluted soils. Details of the behavior of these materials can be found in Refs. 3 and 14. 

Belimov AA et al. (2001) Characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria isolated from polluted soils and containing 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylate deaminase. Can J Microbiol Al 642-652. 

Dott W, D Eeidieker, M Steiof, PM Beckerm, P Kampfer (1995) Comparison of ex situ and in situ techniques for bioremediation of hydrocarbon-polluted soils. Int Biodet Biodeg 35 301-316. 

Witzig R, H Junca, H-J Hecht, DH Pieper (2006) Assessment of toluene/biphenyl dioxygenase gene diversity in benzene-polluted soils links between benzene degradation and genes similar to those encoding isopropylbenzene dioxygenases. Appl Environ Microbiol 72 3504-3514. 

P. Nannipieri, The potential use of soil enzymes as indicators of productivity, sustainability and pollution. Soil Biota Management in Sii.stainable Farming Systems (C. E. PankhursI, B. M. Doube. V. V. S. R. Gupta, and P. R. Grace, eds.), CSIRO, Adelaide, Australia, 1994, p. 238. 

Recent reviews have focused on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the uptake of heavy metals from polluted soils and their transfer to the plant (123). Several experimental data provide clear evidence that both ectomycorrhizal and ericoid fungi protect their host against these metals (123-125). The position with regard to the AM fungi is less clear (123). 

This ability to grow in polluted soils and withstand high heavy metal concentrations rests on complex mechanisms involving both avoidance through exclusion of metal ions from the cytoplasm and tolerance of high internal metal concentrations (126), this being often dependent on the induction of specific genes and proteins (126,127). 

E. Martino, K. Turnau, M. Girlanda, P. Bonfante, S. Perotto, Ericold mycorrhiza fungi from heavy metal polluted soil their identification and growth in the presence of zinc ions. Mycol. Res. /04 338-344 (2000). 

Thermal conduction (also referred to as electrical conductive heating or in situ thermal desorption) supplies heat to the soil through steel wells or with a blanket that covers the ground surface. As the polluted area is heated, the contaminants are destroyed or evaporated. Steel wells are used when the polluted soil is deep. The blanket is used where the polluted soil is shallow. Typically, a carrier gas or vacuum system transports the volatilized water and organics to a treatment system. 

Xian X. 1989. Response of kidney bean to concentration and chemical form of cadmium, zinc, and lead in polluted soils. Environment Pollution 57 127-137. 

This section covers environmental applications of nanomaterials insofar as they are directly applied to the pollutant of interest. The photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and remediation of polluted soils and water are discussed here. The high surface areas and photocatalytic activities of semiconductor nanomaterials have attracted many researchers. Semiconductor nanomaterials are commercially available, stable, and relatively nontoxic and cheap. Prominent examples that are discussed are metal oxides such as Ti02 and ZnO and a variety of Fe-based nanomaterials. 

In arid soils from California, U.S., 73% of the Cd exists in the carbonate fraction and only 13% in the residual fraction (Emmerich et al., 1982). In the delta of the Guadalquiver River of southwestern Spain, more than 50% of Cd is present in the carbonate fraction, and the Cd in the exchangeable fraction increases in polluted soils (Ramos et al., 1994). 

Polluted soils with wood preservatives Sediments Mean 6000... 

Griffiths B.S., Diaz-Ravina M., Ritz K., McNicol J.W., Ebblewhite N., Baath E. Community DNA hybridization and %G+C profiles of microbial communities from heavy metal polluted soils. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 1997 24 103-112. 

The manufacture of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals generates in the order of 25-100 times more waste than product [52], Inorganic salts account for the bulk of the waste and are most often produced by neutralization of acidic or basic solutions [53]. Salts can pollute soil and ground water, lower the pH of atmospheric moisture and they may contribute to acid dew or acid rain [6]. For cleaner production, their minimization is essential and hence our concentration on new processes, such as the etherification (discussed in Sect. 2.6.3.1) and hydrogen transfer reduction (Sect. 2.6.3.2), that avoid salt formation and the use of salts. 

Arsenic Sequential Extraction from Polluted Soils.62... 

Although sequential fractionation procedures generally do not allow assessing the precise association of elements with each soil mineralogical phase, they can provide operationally defined phase associations and may be a powerful tool for the identification of some of the main binding sites, allowing to assess the potential for remobilisation and bioavailability of arsenic in polluted soils (Wenzel et al. 2001 Martin et al. 2007a). 

Fig. 11. Arsenate fractionation from two Italian polluted soils. (A) La Botte soil containing 190 mmol As kg-1 (B) Vetricella soil containing 104 mmol As kg From Branco (2007).

Yilmaz El, Ensari NY (2005) Cadmium biosorption by Bacillus circulans strain EB1. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 21 777-779 Zouboulis AI, Loukidou MX, Matis KA (2004) Biosorption of toxic metals from aqueous solutions by bacteria strains isolated from metal-polluted soils. Process Biochem 39 909-916... 

Fig. 1. Dynamics of urease, acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity in soil under Cd pollution (Soil urease activity is expressed as mg NH3-N g 1 dry soil 24 h-1, Soil phosphatase activity is expressed as the mg phenol produced g-1 dry soil 24 h 1, Soil dehydrogenase activity is expressed as mgTPF g-1 dry soil 24 h 1, from Akmal et al. 2005b).

Top EM, Springael D, Boon N (2002) Catabolic mobile genetic elements and their potential use in bioremediation of polluted soils and waters. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 42 199-208... 

Morgan, J.E. and A.J. Morgan. 1990. The distribution of cadmium, copper, lead, zinc and calcium in the tissues of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus sampled from one uncontaminated and four polluted soils. Oecologia 84 559-566. 

Vasylyeva T., Duka E., Kharitonov N., 1995, Relation between polluted soils and health of population and rehabilitation measures, International Workshop on Technologies for Decontamination and Remediation of Soils Polluted by Chemical products, Paris -France... 

Retention form of heavy metals in three polluted soils. Journal of Soil Contamination, 7, 103-119. 

Table 1. Content of oil products in the polluted soils of the oil exploration sites (Solntseva and Sadov, 2004).

Type of pollutant Soil Soil layer Depth, cm Oil products, g/kg... 

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