Organic Pollutants in Soils

Reid BJ, Jones KC, Semple KT (2000) Bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants in soils and sediments - a perspective on mechanisms, consequences and assessment. Environ Pollut 108 103-112... 

Nightingale, H.I. 1987. Organic pollutants in soils of retention and recharge basins receiving urban runoff water. Soil Sci. 144 373-381. 

Vasilyeva, G. K., Shatalov, V. (2002). Behavior of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Soil. EMEP/MSCE-E Report 1/2002. Part I. 30 p. 

Liu C, Zachara JM, Smith SC, McKinley JP, Ainsworth CC (2003) Desorption kinetics of radiocesium from subsurface sediments at Hanford Site USA. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67 2893-2912 Loffredo E, Senesi N (2006) Eate of anthropogenic organic pollutants in soils with emphasis on adsorption/desorption processes of endocrine disruptor compounds. Pure App Chem 78 947-961... 

This requires a biomass which can be metabolized. The process usually involves enzymatic transfer of electrons by micro-organisms from the decomposing biomass (represented in the above equation as CH2O) to the Fe " in Fe " oxides. As seen from eq.16.3, reduction consumes protons and is, therefore, favoured, the lower the pH (see also Chap. 12). It usually takes place when all pores are filled with water (see reviews by Fischer, 1988 and Van Breemen, 1988). Biotic reduction of Fe oxides is now recognized as an important process in the oxidation (metabolism) of organic pollutants in soils by dissimilatory, iron-reducing bacteria. 

Among these factors, organic content determines the soil distribution coefficient and is an important parameter that quantifies the distribution of organic pollutants in soil. The soil distribution coefficient (K. ) is the ratio between the mass of contaminant sorbed by soil (mg/g) to the mass of contaminant in the aqueous phase (mg/mL), or ... 

Hubert et al. [101] state that accelerated solvent extraction compared to alternatives such as Soxhlet extraction, steam distillation, microwave extraction, ultrasonic extraction and, in some cases, supercritical fluid extraction is an exceptionally effective extraction technique. Hubert et al. [ 101 ] studied the effect of operating variables such as choice of solvent and temperature on the solvent extraction of a range of accelerated persistent organic pollutants in soil, including chlorobenzenes, HCH isomers, DDX, polychlorobiphenyl cogeners and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Temperatures ofbetween 20 and 180 °C were studied. The optimum extraction conditions use two extraction steps at 80 and 140 °C with static cycles (extraction time 35 minutes) using toluene as a solvent and at a pressure of 15 MPa. 

Finally, the determination of rate parameters for soil chemical processes is fundamental if accurate and complete models are to be developed (Chapter 9) that will predict the fate of ions, pesticides, and organic pollutants in soil and aqueous systems. 

Modeling of Inorganic Reactions 174 Nitrogen Reactions 174 Phosphorus Reactions 177 Potassium Reactions 181 Aluminum Reactions 183 Modeling of Soil-Pesticide Interactions 183 Modeling of Organic Pollutants in Soils 186 Supplementary Reading 189... 

Kinetics of reactions in soil and aquatic environments is a topic that is of extreme importance and interest. Most of the chemical processes that occur in these systems are dynamic, and a knowledge of the mechanisms and kinetics of these reactions is fundamental. Moreover, to properly understand the fate of applied fertilizers, pesticides, and organic pollutants in soils with time, and to thus improve nutrient availability and the quality of our groundwater, one must study kinetics. 

Krauss, M. and Wilcke, W. 2005. Persistent organic pollutants in soil density fractions Distribution and sorption strength. Chemosphere, 59 1507-15. 

Xiong, J.C., Lock, H., Chuang, I.S., Keeler, C. and Maciel, G.E. (1999) Local motions of organic pollutants in soil components, as studied by H-2 NMR. Environmental Science Technology, 33, 2224-33. 

OCCURENCE OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN SOIL AND PLANTS AFTER INTENSIVE SEWAGE SLUDGE... 

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