Lumbricus rubellus

Pine moth, Bupalus piniarius-, pupae whole Finland, 1987 industrialized area vs. reference site Earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus Cardiff, Wales 1984 contaminated soils (2740 mg Cu/kg DW soil) vs. reference site (26 mg Cu/kg DW soil) Max. 137 DW vs. 53 DW 10... 

Earthworms, Lumbricus rubellus, Aporrectodea rosea Earthworms absent from plats with medium and high contamination. Surface casts of L. rubellus had 17.5 mg/kg DW in low contamination soils vs. 7.0 in controls for A. rosea. These values were 13.3 vs. 7.0 120... 

Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) held in soils containing 53 mg Cu/kg DW show a 50% reduction in cocoon production in 56 days 32 mg Cu/kg soil had no effect on cocoon production (Spurgeon et al. 1994). The LC50 (56 days) value for earthworms is 555 mg Cu/kg DW soil no deaths occur at 210 mg/kg soil during this period. Copper is more toxic to Eisenia fetida than are salts of cadmium, zinc, or lead (Spurgeon et al. 1994). Copper adversely affects the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus (Ma 1984). Concentrations of 150 mg Cu/kg surface soil from an accidental spill of copper... 

Ma, W.C. 1984. Sublethal toxic effects of copper on growth, reproduction and litter breakdown activity in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, with observations on the influence of temperature, and soil pH. Environ. Pollut. 33A 207-219. 

Morgan, J.E. and A.J. Morgan. 1990. The distribution of cadmium, copper, lead, zinc and calcium in the tissues of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus sampled from one uncontaminated and four polluted soils. Oecologia 84 559-566. 

The maximum zinc concentration in earthworms collected from a contaminated site was 1600 mg/kg DW whole animal for uncontaminated sites it was 650 mg/kg (Beyer and Cromartie 1987). Whole-body zinc concentrations in earthworms (Dendrodrilus rubidus, Lumbricus rubellus) tended to reflect zinc concentrations in soil, although zinc accumulations in both species seem to be physiologically regulated when soil zinc values exceeded 1000 mg/kg DW (Morgan and Morgan 1988). 

Perennial plant, Rubus frondosus Giant foxtail, Setaria faberii Earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus Bluegrass, Poa spp. 

Pentachlorophenol applied to beech forest soils every 2 months for 2 years at the rate of 1.0 g/m2 markedly reduced populations of soil organisms. At 5.0 g/m2, it drastically reduced most of the soil animal species and also the microflora (Zietz et al. 1987). Reduction of the soil metabolism by PCP retards decomposition and affects the overall nutrient balance of forest ecosystems (Zietz et al. 1987). Pentachlorophenol is more toxic to earthworms in soils with comparatively low levels of organic materials. The LC50 (14-day) value for Lumbricus rubellus was 1094 mg PCP/kg DW soils with 6.1% organic matter, and 883 mg/kg DW soils with 3.7% organic matter (Van Gestel and Ma 1988). The earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei is more sensitive than Lumbricus rubellus ... 

LC50 for goldfish 1.8 mL/kg (quoted, Verschueren, 1983), 89.7 and 164 mg/L (soil porewater concentration) for earthworm Eisenia andrei) and 252 and 482 mg/L (soil porewater concentration) for earthworm Lumbricus rubellus) (Van Gestel and Ma, 1993). 

Earthworm, Eisenia fetida 32 mg/kg DW soil for 56 days 53.3 (32.5-186.0) mg/kg DW soil for 56 days 210 mg/kg DW soil for 56 days 555 (460-678) mg/kg DW soil for 56 days 683 (570-812) mg/kg DW soil for 14 days Earthworm, Eisenia fetida andrei Adults held in soil containing as much as 300 mg Cu/kg DW for 3 weeks resultant cocoons incubated in uncontaminated soil for 5 weeks to assess hatchability Earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus 100-150 mg/kg DW soil 150-300 mg/kg DW soil >300 mg/kg DW soil 1000 mg/kg DW soil for 6 weeks Earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris Exposed for 5 days to filter paper disc containing 0.5, 1,2, 4, or 8 pg Cu/cm ... 

Klok C, De Roos AM. 1996. Population level consequences of toxicological influences on individual growth and reproduction in Lumbricus rubellus. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 33 118-127. 

Bundy JG, Sidhu JK, Rana F, Spurgeon DJ, Svendsen C, Wren JF, Stiirzenbaum SR, Morgan AJ, Kille P. 2008. Systems toxicology approach identifies coordinated metabolic responses to copper in a terrestrial non-model invertebrate, the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. BMC Biol 6 25 (doi 10.1186/1741-7007-6-25). 

Vijver MG, Vink JPM, Jager T, Wolterbeek HT, Van Straalen NM, Van Gestel CAM. 2005. Biphasic elimination and uptake kinetics of Zn and Cd in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus exposed to contaminated floodplain soil. Soil Biol Biochem 37 1843-1851. 

Kristufek V., Ravasz K., and Pizl V. (1992) Changes in densities of bacteria and microfungi during Gut transit in Lumbricus-Rubellus and Aporrectodea-Caliginosa Oligochaeta Lumbricidae. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24(12), 1499-1500. 

Spurgeon, D.J., Svendsen, C., Weeks, J.M., Hankard, P.K., Stubberud, H.E. and Kammenga, J.E. (2003) Quantifying copper and cadmium impacts on intrinsic rate of population increase in the terrestrial oligochaete Lumbricus rubellus. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22, 1465-1472. 

Spurgeon, D.J., Svendsen, C., Kille, P., Morgan, A.J. and Weeks, J.M. (2004) Responses of earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus) to copper and cadmium as determined by measurement of juvenile traits in a specifically designed test system. Ecotoxicology and Environmental... 

Stiirzenbaum, S.R., Kille, P. and Morgan, A.J. (1998a) Identification of heavy metal induced changes in the expression patterns of the translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1398, 294-304. 

Weeks, J.M. and Svendsen, C. (1996) Neutral red retention by lysosomes from earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) coelomocytes a simple biomarker of exposure to soil copper. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 15, 1801-1805. 

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