Microbial community

It will also be important to understand the rhizosphere ecology around the roots of metal accumulating plants fully. Maximizing the bioavailabihty of the contaminant metals in this zone may require the optimization of the microbial communities, or perhaps the addition of soil amendments. There are early indications that such intervention may be beneficial (88), but research in this area is at a very early stage. 

Biocatalysis Chemical reactions mediated by biological systems (microbial communities, whole organisms or cells, cell-free extracts, or purified enzymes aka catalytic proteins). 

POi that is incorporated into the authigenic apatite is thought to be supplied primarily via the decomposition of organic materials at the sea floor. A variety of additional processes, such as cycling at redox boundaries or incorporation by microbial communities, may act to elevate pore water concentrations, promoting... 

Pesce S, Fajon C, Bardot C, Bonnemoy F, Portelli C, Bohatier J (2006) Effect of the phenylurea herbicide diuron on natural riverine microbial communities in an experimental study. Aquat Toxicol 78 303... 

Another contaminant of concern for the Delta is Se. Selenium occurs in high concentrations in the soils of the western San Joaquin Valley associated with salts that have accumulated in this region [10]. Selenium is recycled through agricultural retom flows to the river and transported to the Delta and San Francisco Bay. The Se is transformed into a more bioavailable form by microbial communities and aquatic plants. The Se is passed through the foodweb with particular concern for bottomfeeding migratory waterfowl and predatory fishes. The hydrodynamics of water from the San Joaquin River is an important consideration in the intensity and distribution of Se contamination within the Delta. 

Lewis DL, Hodson RE, Freeman LF III. 1984. Effects of microbial community interactions on transformation rates of xenobiotic chemicals. Appl Environ Microbiol 48 561-565. 

Aelion CM, CM Swindoll, FK Pfaender (1987) Adaptation to and biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds by microbial communities from a pristine aquifer. Appl Environ Microbiol 53 2212-2217. 

Aelion CM, DC Dobbins, FK Pfaender (1989) Adaptation of aquifer microbial communities to the biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds influence of substrate concentration and preexposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 8 75-86. 

Boethling RS, M Alexander (1979) Effect of concentration of organic chemicals on their biodegradation by natural microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 37 1211-1216. 

Sanchez MA, M Vasquez, B Gonzalez (2004) A previously unexposed forest soil microbial community degrades high levels of the pollutant 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 7567-7570. 

Slater JH, D Lovatt (1984) Biodegradation and the significance of microbial communities. In Microbial Degradation of Organic Compounds (Ed DT Gibson), pp. 439-485. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York. 

Wolin MJ (1982) Hydrogen transfer in microbial communities. In Microbial interactions and communities (Eds AT Bull, JH Slater), Vol. 1, pp. 323-356. Academic Press, New York. 

Pesaro M, G Nicollier, J Zeyer, F Widmer (2004) Impact of soil drying-rewetting stress on microbial communities and activities of two crop protection products. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 2577-2587. 

Reanney DC, PC Gowland, JH Slater (1983) Genetic interactions among microbial communities. Symp Soc Gen Microbiol 34 379-421. 

Holoman TRP, MA Elberson, LA Cutter, HD May, KR Sowers (1998) Characterization of a defined 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl-orffio-dechlorinating microbial community by comparative seqnence analysis of genes coding for 16S xRLihAppl Environ Microbiol 64 3359-3367. 

Yoshida N, N Takahashi, A Hiraishi (2005) Phylogenetic characterization of polychlorinated-dioxin-dechlorinating microbial community by use of microcosm studies. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 4325-4334. 

El Fantroussi S, L Verschuere, W Verstraete, EM Top (1999) Effect of phenylurea herbicides on soil microbial communities estimated by analysis of 16S rRNA gene fingerprints and community-level physiological profiles. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 982-988. 

Manefield M, AS Whiteley, RI Griffiths, MJ Bailey (2002) RNA stable isotope probing, a novel means of linking microbial community function to phytogeny. Appl Environ Microbiol 68 5367-5373. 

Siciliano SD, JJ Germida, K Banks, CW Greer (2003) Changes in microbial community composition and function during a polyaromatic hydrocarbon phytoremediation field trial. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 ... 

Telang AJ, S Ebert, LM Focht, DW Westlake, GE Jenneman, D Gevertz, G Voordouw (1997) Effect of nitrate injection on the microbial community in an oil field monitored by reverse sample genome probing. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 1785-1793. 

These organisms were able to establish a stable microbial community and were able to bring about a decrease in toluene concentration in the effluent from 0.140 to 0.063 mg/L. 

Rossetti S, LL Blackall, M Majone, P Hugenholtz, JJ Plumb, V Tandoi (2003) Kinetic and phylogenetic characterization of an anaerobic dechlorinating microbial community. Microbiology (UK) 149 459-469. 

Shih C-C, ME Davey, J Zhou, JM Tiedje, CS Criddle (1996) Effects of phenol feeding pattern on microbial community structure and cometabolism of trichloroethylene. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 2953-2960. Somsamak P, HH Richnow, MM Haggblom (2005) Carbon isotope fractionation during anaerobic biotransformation of methyl ferf-butyl ether and ferf-amyl methyl ether. Environ Sci Technol 39 103-109. Somsamak P, RM Cowan, MM Haggblom (2001) Anaerobic biotransformation of fuel oxygenates under sulfate-reducing conditions. EEMS Microbiol Ecol 37 259-264. 

In the past, copper was believed to be toxic to most microbiological species. Although this may be true in a test tube under laboratory conditions, it is not generally true in the real world. In this real world, microbial communities excrete slime layers which tend to sequester the copper ions and prevent their contact with the actual microbial cells, Aus preventing the copper from killing the microbes. Many cases of MIC in copper and copper alloys have been documented, especially of heat-exchange tubes, potable water, and fire protection system piping. 

Laboratory tests on samples exposed to actual plant liquids or simulated environments should be done only when testing in the actual operating environment cannot be done. When MIC is a factor in the test, microbial communities from the actual environment of interest must be used. Pure cultures of single types of microbes cannot provide conditions present in the actual operating environment. 

---