Soil pollution mixtures

Some of the effects of toxic chemical mixtures on soil pollution are predictable. Acidic soils dissolve otherwise insoluble metal oxides and salts, thereby increasing available metal concentrations and toxicity to flora and fauna. Available copper content is inversely proportional to increased pH of soiU4 Earthworm mortality in soil polluted by lead increases as pH decreases. I15l The addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and its disodium salt to soil contaminated with cadmium, lead, and zinc increases the availability of these metals to plants and results in significant increases in the uptake of these in plants. I25l... 

Ottosen L, Jensen JB, Villumsen A, Iaursen S, Hansen HK and Sloth P (1995) Electrokinetic remediation of soil polluted with heavy metals -experiences with different kinds of soils and different mixtures of metals. In Van den Brink, WJ, Bosman R, Arendt F, eds. Contaminated Soil 95, pp. 1029-1038. Kluwer Academic Publ, Dordrecht. 

Electrokinetic remediation is highly dependent on rife-specilic geochemical conditions, such as soil composition, native electrolytes, pollutant aging, and pollutant mixtures. Several studies have integrated electrokinetic approaches for effective remediation of challenging polluted sites. Many of these studies are limited to bench-scale studies, and more field studies are needed to determine cost and effectiveness in field applications. Although several technologies have been developed to remediate polluted sites. 

Some of the effects of toxic chemical mixtures on soil pollution are predictable. Acidic soils dissolve otherwise insoluble metal oxides and salts, thereby increasing available metal concentrations and toxicity to flora and fauna. Available copper content is... 

A 2-value smaller than 1 means that there is an excess of fuel in the mixture. In this case the air/fuel mixture is called rich. If more air is in the mixture than needed for a complete fuel combustion (2 > 1) the term lean mixture is used. Ideally the combustion is complete at 2 = 1. Real fuel cannot be combusted without an increase in CO and soot at 2-values smaller than 1.05. Due to changing operation conditions, for example a soiled burner, wear of the nozzle or leaky flaps, change of gas quality or changes of temperature and air pressure in the ambient atmosphere, the air/fuel ratio and thus flue gas composition can change over time. In order to minimize the risk of intoxication (see also chapter 5333), explosion and pollution real (uncontrolled) fuel burners are adjusted to operate far beyond this limit in the excess (lean mixture) region. However, unfortunately effi-... 

GC is particularly useful in soil analysis because of both the wide variety of columns available for separating specific mixtures and because of the variety of very sensitive detectors available. There are specific columns for separation of gases commonly found in the soil atmosphere and specific columns for the analysis of herbicides, insecticides, and pollutants. 

The phthalate levels of the sediment samples should actually be regarded as minimum values, since only the amount of extractable phthalates has been determined. Eglinton et al. [3] report that some organic pollutants in sediments may be converted into insoluble complexes, such as humates. On the other hand, data by Cifrulak [4] suggest that the use of a methanol-containing solvent mixture, rather similar to the one employed by Schwartz et al. [2], effectively removes all phthalates from sediment and soil samples. 

The main objectives of this chapter are (1) to review the different toxic organic pollutants present in both liquid and solid (i.e., sediment, soil, suspended matter and biosolids as bacteria, plankton, etc.) phase environments as well as complex organic mixture (COM) leachates from solid waste materials of landfills and disposal sites (2) to summarize the most recent analyses of these MM pollutants and (3) to discuss the optimum instrumental analytical methods for organic pollutant characterization. 

Study soil sorption and desorption of pollutants in complex mixtures and/or leached from SWMs... 

Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) are extensively used as surfactants in industrial products (see Chap. 1). NPEOs are a mixture of polyethoxylated mono-alkylphenols, predominantly para-substituted, and are used in the manufacturing of paints, detergents, inks, and pesticides [435, 446]. Surfactants are common water pollutants because of their use in aqueous solutions, which are discharged into the environment in the form of wastewater from treatment plants or sludge stored in landfills. Degradation products of alkylphenol polyethoxylates, i. e., nonylphenol (NP), have the potential to be bioaccumulated, thereby becoming toxic to aquatic [447] and soil microorganisms [435,448]. 

Yaron B, Dror I, Graber E, Jarsjo J, Fine P, Gerstl Z (1998) Behavior of volatile organic liquid mixtures in the soil environment. In Rubin H, Narkis N, Carberry J (eds) Soil and aquifer pollution. Springer, Berlin... 

Galin T, McDowell C, Yaron B. 1990b. The effect of volatilization on the mass flow of a non-aqueous pollutant liquid mixture in an inert porous medium Experiments with kerosene. J Soil Sci 41(4) 631-641. 

MTT is commercially available in several forms. Enviro-Blend is used as a remediation technology to treat contaminated soils, sludges, and sediment. This mixture also serves as a pollution prevention technology to treat industrial waste streams. Enviro-Blend is distributed exclusively by American Minerals, Inc. The Enviro-Prep System stabilizes the lead in paint and is commercially available through Hoffer s Coatings, Inc. Enviro-Prep Special is another MTT product that is used to stabilize lead contamination in utility access points. 

Namkoong, W., Loehr, R. C. Malina, J. F., Jr (1989)- Effects of mixture and acclimation on removal of phenolic compounds in soil. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 61, 242-50. 

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