Cadmium soil pollution

Amini M., Khademi H., Afyuni M., Abbaspour K.C. Variability of available cadmium in relation to soil properties and landuse in an arid region in central Iran. Water Air Soil Pollut 2005 162 205-218. 

Lee K.W., Keeney D.R. Cadmium and zinc additions to Wisconsin soils by commercial fertilizers and wastewater sludge application. Water Air Soil Pollut 1975 5 109-112. 

Martinez Garcia M.J., Moreno-Grau S., Martinez Garcia J.J., Moreno J., Bayo J., Guillen Perez J.J., Moreno-Clavel J. Distribution of the metals lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in the top soil of Cartagena, Spain. Water Soil Soil Pollut 2001 131 329-347. 

Cooke, J.A., S.M. Andrews, and M.S. Johnson. 1990a. Lead, zinc, cadmium and fluoride in small mammals from contaminated grassland established on fluorspar tailings. Water Air Soil Pollut. 51 43-54. 

Sadiq, M. 1985. Uptake of cadmium, lead and nickel by corn grown in contaminated soils. Water Air Soil Pollut. 26 185-190. 

Cheng, L., G.V. Alexander, and P.J. Franco. 1976. Cadmium and other heavy metals in seaskaters (Gerridae Halobates, Rheumobates). Water Air Soil Pollut. 6 33-38. 

Hoins, U. Charlet, L. Sticher, H. (1993) Ligand effect on the adsorption of heavy metals. The sulphate-cadmium goethite case. Water, Air, Soil Pollution 68 241-255 Holm, G. (1985) Substitution selectivity of some transition elements (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) during formation of P-FeOOH. Geologiska Foreningsi Stockholm Forhandlingar 107 297-300... 

Holm, P. E., Christensen, T. H., Lorenz, S. E., Hamon, R. E., Domingues, H. C., Sequeira, E. M., and McGrath, S. P. (1998). Measured soil water concentrations of cadmium and zinc in plant pots and estimated leaching outflows from contaminated soils. Water Air Soil Pollut. 102, 105—115. 

Insects and earthworms have a more intimate contact with soil pollutants and generally serve a more useful function in soil fertility. Earthworms have proven to be an easy species to study with regard to soil-polluting effects. Lead, cadmium, and copper are readily absorbed by earthworms. In high concentrations, these heavy metals are lethal. In lower concentrations, they accumulate, causing toxic effects that are manifest in reduced activity by the earthworms. 1415 ... 

Heavy metals absorbed by crops from contaminated soils are also passed up the food chain. Cadmium, zinc, and lead are absorbed by wheat and rice plants. I19l Cultivated ryegrass absorbs cadmium from polluted soilJ21 Ryegrass is a crop fed to cattle, which absorb the cadmium and pass it up the food chain to humans. 

Some of the effects of toxic chemical mixtures on soil pollution are predictable. Acidic soils dissolve otherwise insoluble metal oxides and salts, thereby increasing available metal concentrations and toxicity to flora and fauna. Available copper content is inversely proportional to increased pH of soiU4 Earthworm mortality in soil polluted by lead increases as pH decreases. I15l The addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and its disodium salt to soil contaminated with cadmium, lead, and zinc increases the availability of these metals to plants and results in significant increases in the uptake of these in plants. I25l... 

Christensen, T.H., Cadmium soil sorption at low concentration I. Effect of time. Cadmium load, pH and Calcium. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 1984, 21, 105-114. 

Christensen, T. H. (1984). Cadmium soil sorption at low concentrations, III Prediction and observation of mobility. Water Air Soil Pollut. 26, 255-264. 

Tichy, R., Nydl, V., Kuzel, S., and Kolar, L. (1997). Increased cadmium availability to crops on a sewage sludge amended soU. Water Air Soil Pollut. 94, 361-372. 

Xian, X., and Shokohifard, G. (1989). Effect of pH on chemical forms and plant availability of cadmium, zinc and lead in polluted soils. Water Air Soil Pollut. 45, 265-273. 

Hong, J. and Pintauro, P.N., Desorption-eomplexation-dissolution characteristics of adsorbed cadmium from kaolin by chelators, Water Air Soil Pollut., 86, 35, 1996. 

Feeding behaviour, ubiquity, and the ability to accumulate various materials make earthworms useful species for soil pollution monitoring. Two of these substances are mercury and cadmium, which are highly toxic and non-essential for life. Both metals are proved to accumulate in earthworms in concentrations much higher than in the soil they inhabit [15-19]. 

Mushrooms have proved to be a good indicator for soil pollution monitoring, because certain species grown in unpolluted areas accumulate mercury and cadmium in concentrations which exceed the norm given for foodstuffs [20,21]. 

Martin HW and Kapian DI (1998) Temporal changes in cadmium, thallium, and vanadium mobility in soil and phytoavailability under field conditions. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 101 399-410. 

Berggren, D., 1992b. Speciation and mobilization of aluminium and cadmium in podzols and cambisols in S. Sweden. Water Air Soil Pollut. 62, 125-156. 

Gombert, S., Asta, J., 1998. The effect of refuse incinerator fumes on the lead and cadmium content of experimentally exposed corticolous lichens. Water Air Soil Pollut. 104, 29 0. 

Collins, R.N., Merrington, G., McLaughlin, M.J., Morel, J.-L., 2003. Organic ligand and pH effects on isotopically exchangeable cadmium in polluted soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67, 112-121. Cornell, R.M., Schwertmann, U., 1996. The Iron Oxides. Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrence, and Uses, VCH, Weinheim, ERG. 

Jackson, A.P., Alloway, B.J., 1991a. The transfer of cadmium from sewage sludge amended soils into the edible componemts of food crops. Water Air Soil Pollut. 57, 883-891. 

Cooke JA, Andrews SM, Johnson MS. 1990. The accumulation of lead, zinc, cadmium and fluoride in the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus L.). Water Air Soil Pollut 51 55-63. 

Jones R, Prohaska KA, Burgess MSE. 1988. Zinc and cadmium in com plants growing near electrical transmission towers. Water Air Soil Pollut 37 355-363. 

Figure 4.1. General classes of adsorption isotherms. 5 turve, data courtesy of C. S. LeVesque L curve, data from I.C.R. Holford et al. H curve, data from J. Garda-Mirayagaya and A. L. Page, Sorption of trace quantities of cadmium by soils with different chemical and mineralogical composition Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 9 289 (1978) C curve, data from B. Yaron and S. Saltzntan, Influence of water and temperature on adsorption of parathion by soils Soil Sci. Soc. Am, J, 36 583 (1972).

Hemp is also a good crop to grow on soils polluted with heavy metals. An experiment has shown [11] that providing the soil shows good agricultural quality, hemp can extract and accumulate substantial amounts of elements such as copper, lead, zinc and cadmium with no detrimental effect on the quantity and quality of the crop. The total calculated, extracted and fixed copper and lead can reach 377 g and 141 g per hectare, respectively [12]. This results in gradual remediation of the soil and eliminates the threat of introduction of heavy metals to the nutritive chain of humans and livestock. 

Bhattacharyya MH (1991) Cadmium-induced bone loss increased susceptibility in females. Water Air Soil Pollution 57-58 665-673 Blakley BR (1986) The effect of cadmium- and viral-induced tumor production in mice. J Appl Toxicol 6 425-429... 

Kubota, T. A. M. Orikasa, K. 1995. Distribution of different fractions of cadmium, zinc, lead and copper in unpolluted and polluted soils. Journal of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 83(3/4), 187-194. ... 

Cooper J, Bolbot JA, Saini S et al (2007) Electrochemical method fw the rapid water samples. Water Air Soil Pollut 179... 

Human exposure mainly arises from combustion of fuels, plants, and waste, and consumption of adventitious cadmium present in food and water [83]. Humans and animals breathe cadmium-containing particles (mainly the oxide) and ingest cadmium complexes with their food and drinks. Cigarette smoking is a major route of uptake, whereas skin contact is not widespread owing to the natural dilution of cadmium, except for occupational settings. Dietary cadmium is more concentrated in some food items such as shellfish, offal, grains, and seeds. Some crops, such as rice, soybeans, or wheat, are more likely to accumulate cadmium firom polluted soils than others. 

---