Soil pollution bioaccumulation

Downs SG, Macleod CL, Lester JN. 1998. Mercury in precipitation and its relation to bioaccumulation in fish a literature review. Water Air Soil Pollut 108 149-187. 

Odin, M., A. Fuertet-Mazel, F. Ribeyre, and A. Boudou. 1995. Temperature, pH and photoperiod effects on mercury bioaccumulation by nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida. Water Air Soil Pollut. 80 1003-1006. 

Ponce, R.A. and N.S. Bloom. 1991. Effect of pH on the bioaccumulation of low level, dissolved methylmercury by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Water Air Soil Pollut. 56 631-640. 

Ribeyre, F. and A. Boudou. 1984. Bioaccumulation et repartition tissulaire du mercure-HgCl2 et CH3HgCl2 -chez Salmo gairdneri apres contamination par voie directe. Water Air Soil Pollut. 23 169-186. 

Wren, C.D., H.R. MacCrimmon, and B.R. Loescher. 1983. Examination of bioaccumulation and biomagnification of metals in a precambrian shield lake. Water Air Soil Pollut. 19 277-292. 

Pesticides are also a major source of concern as water and soil pollutants. Because of their stability and persistence, the most hazardous pesticides are the organochlorine compounds such as DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, and chlordane. Persistent pesticides can accumulate in food chains for example, shrimp and fish can concentrate some pesticides as much as 1000- to 10,000-fold. This bioaccumulation has been well documented with the pesticide DDT, which is now banned in many parts of the world. In contrast to the persistent insecticides, the organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, such as malathion, and the carbamates, such as carbaryl, are short-lived and generally persist for only a few weeks to a few months. Thus these compounds do not usually present as serious a problem as the earlier insecticides. Herbicides, because of the large quantity used, are also of concern as potential toxic pollutants. Pesticides are discussed in more detail in Chapter 5. 

Ribeyre F, Boudou A, Maurybrachet R. 1991. Multicompartment ecotoxicological models to study mercury bioaccumulation and transfer in fresh water systems. Water, Air, Soil Pollution 56 641-652. 

Bioaccumulation is the process by which terrestrial organisms such as plants and soil invertebrates accumulate and concentrate pollutants from the soil. Bioaccumula-... 

Srinath T, Verma T, Ramteke PW, Garg SK (2002) Chromium biosorption and bioaccumulation by chromate resistant bacteria. Chemosphere 48 427-435 Stephen JR, Macnaughton SJ (1999) Developments in terrestrial bacterial remediation of metals. Curr Opinion Biotechnol 10 230-233 Tabak HH, Lens P, van Hullebusch ED, Dejonghe W (2005) Developments in bioremediation of soils and sediments polluted with metals and radionuclides 1. Microbial processes and mechanisms affecting bioremediation of metal contamination and influencing metal toxicity and transport. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technol. 4 115-156... 

Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) are extensively used as surfactants in industrial products (see Chap. 1). NPEOs are a mixture of polyethoxylated mono-alkylphenols, predominantly para-substituted, and are used in the manufacturing of paints, detergents, inks, and pesticides [435, 446]. Surfactants are common water pollutants because of their use in aqueous solutions, which are discharged into the environment in the form of wastewater from treatment plants or sludge stored in landfills. Degradation products of alkylphenol polyethoxylates, i. e., nonylphenol (NP), have the potential to be bioaccumulated, thereby becoming toxic to aquatic [447] and soil microorganisms [435,448]. 

The partition coefficient Kq of an organic compound in the 1-octanol/water system is used to assess the bioaccumulation potential and the distribution pattern of drugs and pollutants. The partition coefficient of imidazole and ILs strongly depends on the hydrogen bond formed by these molecules and is less than one due to the high solubility in water. The low value of the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient is required for new substances, solvents, insecticides to avoid bioaccumulation. Kqw is an extremely important quantity because it is the basis of correlations to calculate bioaccumulation, toxicity, and sorption to soils and sediments. Computing the activity of a chemical in human, fish, or animal lipid, which is where pollutants that are hydrophobic will appear, is a difficult task. Thus, it is simpler to measure the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient. This parameter is used as the primary parameter characterizing hydrophobisity. 

A given pollutant may penetrate in soil down to a specific depth, and therefore transport calculations need individual depth data. Owing to mass transport restrictions, residence times of many pollutants in soils are (unfortunately) much longer than those in the gas or liquid phases. In addition, partitioning effects in soils can be dramatic a case in point is the concentration effect that occurs with uranium, which sometimes reaches levels up to 104 times higher than its concentration in water with which the soil is in equilibrium. Biota plays a key role in the transport and mobilization of pollutants from soil, because for example, many of them bioaccumulate in vegetation and cattle (see Section 9.2). 

Although urea has generally low ecotoxicity to organisms, its well documented indirect and long-term effects to the ecosystems, e.g. eutrophication, groundwater pollution, soil acidification and ammonia emissions to air should be considered. When released to soil, this material will hydrolyze into ammonium in a matter of days to several weeks. This material is not anticipated to bioaccumulate - it has a BCF <100. 

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