Soil pollution summary

NAPS (2008) Annual data summary for 2005 and 2006. Report 7/AP/39, Environmental Science and Technology Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, p 367 Negral L, Moreno-Grau S, Moreno J, Querol X, Viana MM, Alastuey A (2008) Natural and anthropogenis contributions to PMIO and PM2.5 in an urban area in the Western Mediterranean Coast. Water Air Soil Pollut 192 227-238 Owen WJ, DeRouen TA (1980) Estimation of the mean for lognormal data containing zeroes and left-censored values, with application to the measurement of worker exposure to air contaminants. Biometrics 36 707-719... 

Fig. 8.48 Summary data of pesticide residues in the soil environment, sho wing the distribution between mineralization and extractabihty (A) atrazine, (B) dicamba, (C) isoproturon, (D) hndane, (E) paraquat and (F) tiifluralin. Reprinted from Mordaunt CJ, Gevao B, Jones KC, Semple KT (2005) Formation of non-extractable pesticide residues observations on compound differences, measurement and regulatory issues. Entiron Pollution 133 25-34. Copyright 2005 with permission of Elsevier...

Biggar, J.W., Doneen, L.D., Riggs, I.R. (1966) Soil interaction with organically polluted water. Summary Report, Department of Water Science and Engineering, University of California, Davis, California. 

I cannot agree with this proposal. There are a number of links between the source or cause and the effect, a whole range of stages as emission, transportation, immission, deposition and dose, and they are influenced by climate, site, genetic resistance, which can alter the picture. In summary, the effect is very far apart from the source. If you measure the dose within the plant, the amount of pollutants which the plant has taken up, or the state of the soil as it has changed by air pollution, then you have a much closer relation to the effect than just by an emission survey. We have now the forest decay just in those areas which are maybe 100 kilometers away from the industrial areas and not in the industrial areas themselves. So this proposal would not work. It is, however, very useful to find out the main sources and to start measures to reduce emissions in general or for certain pollutants. 

In summary, phenol (a model toxic pollutant) was successfully extracted from both water and soil (dry and wetted) using supercritical carbon dioxide. It was found that entrainers greatly enhance the distribution coefficient of phenol for each system. However, the choice of a good entrainer is not independent of the contaminated matrix or, in the case of soil, its moisture content. Benzene was successfully extracted from both dry and wetted soil using pure carbon dioxide. Entrainers such as methanol could serve to decrease the distribution of such hydrophobic systems, indicating that further investigation in this area is warranted. 

Langenkamp, H., and Marmo, L. (eds.) (2001). Workshop on Harmonisation of Sampling and Analysis Methods for Heavy Metals, Organic Pollutants and Pathogens in Soil and Sludge Summary and Conclusions, Feb. 8-9, 2001, Stresa, Italy, European Commission. EUR 198909 EN. 

Pollution due to acidification also constitutes a separate chapter. Sources of this type of pollution and various naturally occurring processes in the atmosphere and soil, as well as aquatic processes, are summarized. When reviewing environmental impacts, terrestrial, aquatic effects, impact on both human health and structures and materials are in focus. Of particular importance is a brief summary of international agreements and emission and pollution effects control measures introduced in certain countries. 

In summary, technical solutions are available for agricultural nonpoint source pollution control. However, persistent problems (e.g. economic, social, institutional, legal, etc.) often represent impediments to rapid and consistent implementation. Continued improvements in soil conservation and pollution reduction from agricultural land (nonpoint source) will require long-term support for education, technical assistance and financial assistance. 

Summary. In environmental protection, remediation of organic pollutants from the ground plays an important role. One possible way to achieve this goal is biode-gradation, i.e. decomposition by suitable species of bacteria. In principle we can think of two different situations, in the first case a suspension of bacteria infiltrates the contaminated soil, in the second one contaminated air (e.g. from soil venting) streams through a porous filter containing the bacteria. 

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