Soil pollution pesticides

Agostiano A, Caselli M, Provenzano MR. 1983. Analysis of pesticides and other organic pollutants by preconcentration and chromatographic techniques. Water Air Soil Pollut 19 309-320. 

Albanis TA, Pomonis PJ, Sdoukos AT. 1988a. Describing movement of three pesticides in soil using a CSTR in series model. Water Air Soil Pollut 39 293-302. 

Atkinson R, Guicherit R, Hites RA, Palm WU, Seiber JN, de Voogt P (1999) Transformations of pesticides in the atmosphere a state of the art. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 115 219-243... 

Verma, S.R., S. Rani, S.K. Bansal, and R.C. Dalela. 1980. Effects of the pesticides thiotox, dichlorvos and carbofuran on the test fish Mystus vittatus. Water Air Soil Pollut. 13 229-234. 

Thus the total soil pollution was connected with a respiratory system and a digestive tract. Both systems were also sensitive to such urban pollutants as heavy metals and PAH. For radionuclides the correlation with the given nosologies was not revealed. The asthma morbidity was mostly connected with soil pollution rates. This circumstance, apparently, can be related to nonspecific action of pollutants on a human organism, because the etiology of asthma is connected with the human immune defense system and allergy state (Roite, 1991). The last was shown for pesticides (Nikolaev et al., 1988) and heavy metals (Drouet et al., 1990). The sensitized immune system is, apparently, responsible for chronic toxic effects of other pollutants at low doses (Sidorenko et al., 1991 Novak and Magnussen, 1993). 

Levanon D, Meisinger JJ, Codling EE, et al. 1994. Impact of tillage on microbial activity and the fate of pesticides in the upper soil. Water Air and Soil Pollution 72(1-4) 179-189. 

A decade ago, only a few pollutants were monitored. However, current regulations impose the monitoring of an increased number of substances at increasingly lower detection levels. Special surveillance is conducted in establishments known to release pollutants into the environment. Similarly, hazardous chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides are constantly identified and quantified. Several of these are related to air, water and soil pollution. 

Galassi S, Valsecchi S, Tartari GA (1997) The distribution of PCB s and chlorinated pesticides in two connected Himalayan lakes. Water Air Soil Pollut 99 717-725... 

Peryea, F.J. and Creger, T.L. (1994) Vertical distribution of lead and arsenic in soils contaminated with lead arsenate pesticide residues. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 78(3-4), 297-306. 

Pesticides are also a major source of concern as water and soil pollutants. Because of their stability and persistence, the most hazardous pesticides are the organochlorine compounds such as DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, and chlordane. Persistent pesticides can accumulate in food chains for example, shrimp and fish can concentrate some pesticides as much as 1000- to 10,000-fold. This bioaccumulation has been well documented with the pesticide DDT, which is now banned in many parts of the world. In contrast to the persistent insecticides, the organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, such as malathion, and the carbamates, such as carbaryl, are short-lived and generally persist for only a few weeks to a few months. Thus these compounds do not usually present as serious a problem as the earlier insecticides. Herbicides, because of the large quantity used, are also of concern as potential toxic pollutants. Pesticides are discussed in more detail in Chapter 5. 

Kruglov, Y.V., N.G. Garankina, and T.O. Lisina (1996). Bioremediation of soil polluted with the herbicide prometryn. In SETAC-Europe Conference on Pesticides, Soil Microbiology and Soil Quality, pp. 185-186. 

The Herbicide Handbook, 2002 or the Pesticide Manual, 1994. Water Air Soil Pollut., 86 389-405. dIn Debye units, as measured in dioxane at 20°C. eNA Not available. 

A book of interest is "Chemically Induced Birth Defects," by Schardein (ref. 6). This reference book contains data on human and animal studies on birth defects and teratogens. Drugs are covered extensively. Chemicals discussed are pesticides, metals, industrial solvents, diagnostic agents, dyes, radioactive chemicals, plastics, toxins, food additives, air-water-soil pollutants, personal chemicals, etc. 

Bayen, S., Thomas, G.O., Lee, H.K., Obbard, J.P., 2004. Organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in green mussel, Pema viridis in Singapore. Water Air Soil Pollut. 155, 103-116. 

Chatupote, W., Panapitukku, N., 2005. Regional assessment of nutrient and pesticide leaching in the vegetable production area of Rattaphum catchment, Thailand. Water, Air Soil Pollut. Focus 5, 165-173. 

Parmele, L.H. Lemon, E.R. Taylor, A.W. Micrometeorolog-ical measurement of pesticide vapor flux from bare soil and corn under field conditions. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 1972, 1, 433. 

Soils are the main and ultimate culprit of many different human exposure pathways to pollutants through the food chain, partly because lipophilic compounds that reside mainly in soils dissolve pesticides, herbicides, and the like. 

Bidleman T. F. (1999) Atmospheric transport and air-surface exchange of pesticides. Water Air Soil. Pollut. 115, 115-166. 

The herbicide Paraquat was found to cause mutations in nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria and also reduce chlorophyll content of algae. 6,7 DDT and its metabolites DDE and DDD are widespread soil pollutants that alter the species composition of soil algae and nitrogen-fixing bacteria and entirely eliminate some species of these. 8 The pesticides hexaconazole, carbo-furan, and ethion are toxic to soil microflora and result in the reduction of soil bacteria countsJ9 ... 

Soil contamination can contribute to human toxic exposure via a number of routes. These include plant uptakes of soil pollutants, including fertilizers and pesticides, that are either eaten by people directly or passed up the food chain, absorption onto the skin and subsequently into the bodies of grazing animals to be passed up through the food chain by animals, and via contaminated airborne soil particles that are ultimately inhaled by humans. Soils contain large lipophilic components that absorb lipophilic chemicals which are subsequently transferred to plants, animals, and to the air. Water distributed in soil dissolves hydrophilic chemicals and acts as a conduit for ultimate human absorption, through plants and thus up the food chain from whence they ultimately impact humans. 

The sources of lipophilic/hydrophilic chemical exposure include environmental pollution (air, water, and soil contamination), pesticide, herbicide, and fertilizer residues in foods and drinking water, excipients (non-active additives such as colors, flavors, rheological agents, etc,) in foods and pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, household chemical products, personal care products, cosmetics, and environmentally synthesized chemicals that are formed from reactions with released chemicals with each other and with naturally present species. 

L. Di Palma, Experimental Assessment of a Process for the Remediation of Organophosphorous Pesticides Contaminated Soils Through In situ Soil Flushing and Hydrolysis, Water Air Soil Pollut. 143(1 ), 301-314, Feb. (2003). 

Rathore HS, Sharma R, Mital S. 1997. Spot test analysis of pesticides Detection of carbaryl and mancozeb in water. Water Air Soil Pollut 97 431-441. 

Nowadays the soil pollution with persistent organochlorine compounds in Bulgaria is mostly because of their use in the past, result of local environmental accidents, associated with improper storage or illegal use of obsolete pesticide stocks. 

Pesticides and industrial fertilizers are the chief chemical substances used intentionally in the agriculture. Both are important sources of soil pollution. 

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