Three liquids

When the overall composition is such that the system point falls in the area labeled P=2, two liquid phases are present. The compositions of these phases are given by the positions of the ends of a tie line through the system point. Four representative tie lines are included in the diagram, and these must be determined experimentally. The relative amounts of the two phases can be determined from the lever rule. In the limit of zero mole fraction of ethanol, the tie line falls along the horizontal base of the triangle and displays a miscibility gap for the binary system of benzene and water. (The conjugate phases are very nearly pure benzene and pure water). 

The plait point shown as an open circle in the figure is also called a critical solution point. As the system point approaches the plait point from within the two-phase area, the length of the he line through the system point approaches zero, the miscibility gap disappears, and the composirions of the two conjugate liquid phases become identical. 

Suppose we have the binary system of benzene and water represented by point a Two liquid phases are present one is wet benzene and the other is water containing a very small mole fraction of benzene. If we gradually stir ethanol into this system, the system point moves along the dotted line from point a toward the vertex for pure ethanol, but can never quite reach the vertex. At point b, there are still two phases, and we can consider the ethanol to have distributed itself between two partially-miscible solvents, benzene and water (Sec. 12.6.3). From the position of point b relative to the ends of the tie line passing through point b, we see that the mole fraction of ethanol is greater in the water-rich phase. As we continue to add ethanol, the amount of the water-rich phase increases and the amount of the benzene-rich phase decreases, until at point c the benzene-rich phase completely disappears. The added ethanol has increased the mutual solubilities of benzene and water and resulted in a single liquid phase. 

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In the case of emulsions with three liquids the presence of the third phase results in a reduction of the energy input for the emulsification process, whereas the emulsion with a Hquid crystal as the third phase shows interesting stabilization mechanisms. Finally, the emulsion with added particles illustrates the importance of Hquid—solid wetting for stabiHty. 

The paper presents the experimental and theoretical data regarding the realization and characterization of three liquid-membrane electrodes, which have not been mentioned in the specialized literature so far. The active substances whose solutions in nitrobenzene have constituted the membranes on a graphite rod, are simple complex combinations of the Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with Schiff base N-[2-thienylmethylidene]-2-aminothiophenol (TNATPh). 

Internal reflux is induced by means of externally cooled liquid pumparounds. A pumparound simply removes hot liquid from the tower, pumps it through a heat exchanger and then introduces this cooled liquid into the tower a few trays above. Use of pumparounds allows a better distribution of tower loadings than if all the heat were removed from the VPS using an overhead condenser. Four to six trays between sidestreams and two pumparounds are normally specified for a lube VPS. The three liquid sidestream products to be used as lube plant feed stocks are steam stripped to remove lighter boiling components which condense with tire sidestreams. 

H20 molecule. Now (39) gives the magnitude of the mutual electrostatic energy of such a dipole and an ion separated by a distance r. When the OH group of a methanol or ethanol molecule is in contact with an atomic ion the value of r to be inserted in (39) presumably is roughly the same as when a water molecule is in contact with the same ion. This would lead us to expect that the force of attraction between an ion and an adjacent solvent molecule would be similar in the three liquids. 

The values of the viscosities of the three liquids are given in column 4 of Table 6. It will be seen that the viscosity of ethanol is twice that of... 

The three bottles are marked A, B, and C, and a series of measurements were made on the three liquids to permit identification, as follows. 

A theoretical analysis of the helium-xenon system was reported by Zandbergen and Beenakker (Zl), who based their calculations on the Prigogine-Scott theory of corresponding states for mixtures (PI 5, S2). We cannot here go into the details of their analysis, but will merely indicate the essential elements. Zandbergen and Beenakker use the three-liquid theory to obtain an expression for the volumes of helium-xenon mixtures as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition. This expression is... 

Some results reported by Zandbergen and Beenakker are shown in Fig. 26. Considering the severe simplifying assumptions made, the calculated phase boundary is in gratifying agreement with that found experimentally. Because of symmetry with respect to mole fraction in the three-liquid model, the calculated T-y curve shown is necessarily a parabola whose maximum is at... 

Three liquid samples with known masses are heated to their boiling points with the use of a 500.-W heater. 

We begin, however, with the singlet orientational distribution function which is shown for the three liquid crystal phases in Fig. 6. In each phase the distribution is peaked at cos of 1 showing that the preferred molecular orientation is parallel to the director. The form of the distribution function is well represented by the relatively simple function... 

FIG. 4 Variation of cos 0o — cos 0(C/) as a function of the spreading speed U, both on logarithmic scales, corresponding to viscoelastically controlled spreading for the three liquids of Figure 3. 

In a liquid, intermolecular forces are strong enough to confine the molecules to a specific volume, but they are not strong enough to keep molecules from moving from place to place within the liquid. The relative freedom of motion of liquid molecules leads to three liquid properties arising from intermolecular forces surface tension, capillary action, and viscosity. ... 

OS 43] [R 14] [P 32] A yield of 28% of the cyanated pyrene was obtained in a first run by two-liquid layer (oil/water) flow, using a residence time of 210 s and room-temperature processing (0.2 pi min 300 W, > 300 nm wavelength) [29]. Using a three-liquid layer (water/oil/water) flow resulted in a yield of 73%. The content of non-reacted pyrene was 8%. Thus, to close the balance, about 20% by-products had to be formed, i.e. conversion was high. The nature of these by-products was not identified (Figure 4.66). 

Three-liquid layer processing - thinning of lamellae... 

OS 43] [R 14] [P 32] Using a three-liquid layer (water/oil/water) flow instead of a two-liquid layer flow at constant channel dimensions decreases the liquid lamellae width and doubles the absolute value of the organic/aqueous interface. As a consequence, mass transport is facilitated compared with the two-flow configuration. Hence it was found that a much higher yield was obtained for the three-liquid layer flow when performing experiments of both flow configurations imder the same experimental conditions (210 s, 0.2 pi min room temperature, 300 W, > 300 nm... 

Using a three-liquid layer (oil/water/oil) flow only gave a yield of about 35% (210 s, 0.2 pi min , room temperature, 300 W, > 300 nm wavelength) [29]. This is explained by the fact that the specific interface here is not as large as for the water/ oil/water flow. This is due to the larger volume of the oil phase compared with the water phase [29]. 

The viscosities for three liquids at various temperatures are given below. 

The third liquid catalyst-philic phase was constimted in the majority of cases by Aliquat 336 [tricapryl-methylammonium chloride, (CgHi7)3N CH3Cl A336], a well-known phase-transfer agent that is liquid at room temperature, and that dissolves in toluene and in iso-octane (Figure 6.15n). The peculiarity here is that, when water (even a drop) is added to the A336/isooctane solution, three liquid phases separate out (Figure 6.15h). 

There are three liquid-phase adsorption Sorbex technology-based separation processes for the production of olefins. The first two are the UOP C4 Olex and UOP Sorbutene processes and the third is the detergent Olex process(Cio i,5) [25, 26]. The three olefin separation processes share many similarities. The first similarity between the three olefin separation processes is that each one utilizes a proprietary adsorbent whose empirical formula is represented by Cation,([(A102)),(Si02)2] [27]. The cation type imparts the desired selectivity for the particular separation. This zeolite has a three-dimensional pore structure with pores running perpendicular to each other in the x, y and z planes [28]. The second similarity between the three olefin separation processes is the use of a mixed olefin/paraffin desorbent. The specifics of each desorbent composition are discussed in their corresponding sections. The third similarity is the fact that all three utilize the standard Sorbex bed allotment that enables them to achieve product purities in excess of 98%. The following sechons review each process in detail. 

Results for x-rays are shown in Fig. 2. G has been measured for three liquids for x-rays of 1.6- to 30-keV energy [23-25]. The figure also includes points for minimum ionizing... 

Early pulse radiolysis studies of alkanes at room temperature showed that the solvated electron absorption begins around 1 pm and increases with increasing wavelength to 1.6 pm for -hexane, cyclohexane, and 2-methylbutane [77]. More complete spectra for three liquid alkanes are shown in Fig. 4. The spectrum for methylcyclohexane at 295 K extends to 4 pm and shows a peak at 3.25 pm [78]. At the maximum, the extinction coefScient is 2.8 x 10 cm The spectrum for 3-methyloctane at 127 K, shown in Fig. 4, peaks around 2 pm. The peak for methylcyclohexane is also at 2 pm at lower temperature. Recently, the absorption spectra of solvated electrons in 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, cA-decalin, and methylcyclohexane glasses have been measured accurately at 77 K [80]. For these alkanes, the maxima occur at 1.8 pm, where the extinction coefScient is 2.7 x 10 cm. ... 

Recently, the effective mass of the electron has been calculated [148] within a Wigner-Seitz framework [175] for Ar, Kr, and Xe. In all three liquids, m decreases with increasing density. At the triple point densities, m = in argon and m =... 

Figure 1 shows several types of mass transfer or diffusion cells, which are of the simplest design for performing bulk liquid membrane (BLM) processes. Each of the devices is divided into two parts a common part containing the membrane liquid, M and a second part in which the donor solution F and acceptor solution R are separated by a solid impermeable barrier. The liquid, M contacts with the two other liquids and affects the transfer between them. All three liquids are stirred with an appropriate intensity avoiding mixing of the donor and acceptor solutions. For a liquid-ion exchange in a BLM system. Fig. 2 shows the transfer mechanism of cephalosporin anions, P , from donor (F) to acceptor (R) solution... 

In the early 1970s Li [13] proposed a method that is now called Emulsion (surfactant) Liquid Membrane (ELM) or Double Emulsion Membrane (DEM) (Fig. 3). The name reveals that the three liquid system is stabilized by an emulsifier, the amount of which reaches as much as 5 % or more with respect to the membrane liquid. The receiving phase R, which usually has a smaller volume than the donor solution, F of similar nature, is finally dispersed in the intermediate phase, M. In the next step the donor solution F is contacted with the emulsion. For this purpose, the emulsion is dispersed in the donor solution F by gentle mixing typically in a mixer-settler device. After this step, the emulsion is separated and broken. The enriched acceptor solution is further processed and the membrane liquid M is fed back for reuse. 

The LLE in the similar ternary systems [QQlm][PFJ -I- water + ethanol was measured in three temperatures (290.15,29 15, and 313.25 K) [66]. From these results it can be concluded that with decreasing temperature three liquid phases can be expected. 

Fig. 12a-c. Polymer concentration dependence of the orientational order parameters S for three liquid-crystalline polymer systems a PBLG-DMF [92,93] b PHIC-toluene [94] c PYPt-TCE [33], Marks experimental data solid curves, theoretical values calculated from the scaled particle theory. The left end of each curve gives the phase boundary concentration cA... 

Figuie 4A shows the dependency p(T) for four different liquids, and Figure 4B depicts the standard representation of this behavior. This confirms that propene, toluene, and CCI4 behave similarly with regard to p(T), whereas water behaves differently. This implies that water cannot be used in model experiments if one of the other three liquids will be employed in the industrial plant. 

Mechanical control of liquid level is aggravated, because any control device must deal with essentially three liquid phases instead of two. 

Three simulated service liquids are given in ISO 1817 and ASTM D471 to simulate a diester type lubricating oil, and two hydraulic oils, but ASTM D471 also standardises a further three liquids. 

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