Petroleum analysis standardization

Sodium polysulfide petroleum analysis standard Isopropyl mercaptan petroleum chemicals source Naphtha... 

The Institute of Petroleum, IP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products and British Standards, Jolm Wiley Sons, Chichester, UK (1999). Universal Oil Products Process Division, Des Plaines, IL, USA. 

Institute of Petroleum. 1990. Standard method for analysis and testing of petroleum and related products. In Cold Filter Plugging of Distillate Fuels IP309. London. 

To satisfy specific needs with regard to the type of petroleum to be processed, as well as to the nature of the product, most refiners have, through time, developed their own methods of petroleum analysis and evaluation. However, such methods are considered proprietary and are not normally available. Consequently, various standards organizations, such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM, 1995) in North America and the Institute of Petroleum in Britain (IP, 1997), have devoted considerable time and effort to the correlation and standardization of methods for the inspection and evaluation of petroleum and petroleum products. A complete discussion of the large number of routine tests available for petroleum fills entire books (ASTM, 1995). However, it seems appropriate that in any discussion of the physical properties of petroleum and petroleum products reference should be made to the corresponding test, and accordingly, the various test numbers have been included in the text. 

Altgelt, K.H., and Gouw, T.H. 1979. Chromatography in Petroleum Analysis. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. ASTM. 1995. Annual Book of Standards. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Derivation Propylene and hydrogen sulfide. Hazard Highly flammable, dangerous fire hazard. Use Standard for petroleum analysis, intermediate. 

Fuel oil, therefore, in its various categories has an extensive range of applications, and the choice of a standard procedure to be used for assessing or controlling product quality must, of necessity, depend on both the type of fuel and its ultimate use. But first, as for all petroleum analysis and testing, the importance of correct sampling of the fuel oil cannot be overemphasized, because no proper assessment of quality can be made unless the data are obtained on truly representative samples (ASTM D-270, IP 51). 

In an attempt to provide a trace element standard for use in petroleum analysis the National Bureau of Standards and the Environmental Protection Agency recently distributed a Residual Fuel Oil (and other materials) for analysis to more than 40 laboratories. The results obtained and a discussion of the results has been presented by La Fleur and Van Lehmden. ... 

Institute of Petroleum (1998) Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products. New York Wiley. 

Combining separation and analysis techniques (hyphenated techniques) can produce powerful tools for chtiracteriz-ing viscous oils. Thus, liquid chromatography or gas chromatography can be used to separate a sample for subsequent characterization by mass spectrometry (LC/MS or GC/MS). Research into suitable methods for the analysis of viscous oils is underway, but no standard tests have yet been prepared. Extensive research on both proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy shows promise as a tool for the analysis of lubricant base oils and other viscous oils. Both near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and Fourier-transform IR (FTIR) are the subjects of active research into methods to characterize hydrocarbons and for quality control during production of petroleum products. Standard test methods using these techniques should become available in the future. 

The standard methods (26) of analysis for commercial lecithin, as embodied in the Official and Tentative Methods of the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS), generally are used in the technical evaluation of lecithin (27). Eor example, the AOCS Ja 4-46 method determines the acetone-insoluble matter under the conditions of the test, free from sand, meal, and other petroleum ether-insoluble material. The phosphoHpids are included in the acetone-insoluble fraction. The substances insoluble in hexane are determined by method AOCS Ja 3-87. 

Health and Safety. Petroleum and oxygenate formulas are either flammable or combustible. Flammables must be used in facUities that meet requirements for ha2ardous locations. Soak tanks and other equipment used in the removing process must meet Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for use with flammable Hquids. Adequate ventilation that meets the exposure level for the major ingredient must be attained. The work environment can be monitored by active air sampling and analysis of charcoal tubes. 

This analysis forms the basis of a widely used industry consensus standard, American Petroleum Institute, Recommended Practice 14C, Analysis, Design, Installation, and Testing of Basic Surface Systems for Ofi- i orc Production Platforms (RP14C), which contains a procedure tor dcicnniniiig required process safety devices and shutdowns. The procedures ilescribed here can be used to develop checklists for devices not covered by RP14C or to modify the consensus checklists presented in RP14C in areas of the world where RPI4C is not mandated. 

While RP14C provides guidance on the need for process safety devices, it is desirable to perform a complete hazards analysis of tlie facility to identify hazards that are not necessarily detected or contained by process sLifety devices and that could lead to loss of containment of hydrocarbons or otherwise lead to fire, explosion, pollution, or injury to personnel. The industry consensus standard, American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 14J, Design and Hazards Analysis for Offshore Facilities (RP14J), provides guidance as to the use of various hazards analysis techniques. 

Petroleum pollution monitoring laboratories in the Mediterranean region participated (1984-1986) in two intercalibration exercises (MEDCALI and II) to evaluate the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Manual for petroleum hydrocarbon determination in sediment (IOC, Manuals and Guides, No. 11). The main source of error in the analysis was the extraction/ partition step. When the results were corrected for recoveries, relative standard deviations for w-alkancs, UCM (unresolved complex mixture) and total aromatics, which had previously been 60, 56 and 49%, respectively, were reduced to 17, 30 and 6%, respectively. 

Finally, toxicity (defined in terms of a standard extraction procedure followed by chemical analysis for specific substances) is a characteristic of all chemicals, whether petroleum or nonpetroleum in origin. Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed, and when such wastes are disposed of on land, the chemicals may drain (leach) from the waste and pollute groundwater. Leaching of such chemicals from contaminated soil may be particularly evident when the area is exposed to acid rain. The acidic nature of the water may impart mobility to the waste by changing the chemical character of the waste or the character of the minerals to which the waste species are adsorbed. 

Spectroscopic studies have played an important role in the evaluation of petroleum and of petroleum products for the last three decades, and many spectroscopic methods are now used as standard methods of analysis of petroleum and its products before and after a spill. Application of these methods to petroleum and its end products is a natural consequence for the environmental scientist and engineer. 

The purpose of this chapter is to describe well-established analytical methods that are available for detecting and/or measuring and/or monitoring total petroleum hydrocarbons and their metabolites, as well as other biomarkers of the exposure and effect of total petroleum hydrocarbons. The intent is not to provide an exhaustive list of analytical methods. Rather, the intention is to identify well-established methods that are used as the standard methods approved by federal agencies and organizations such as the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) or methods prescribed by state governments for water and soil analysis. Other methods... 

Currently, many regulatory agencies recommend the common methods (EPA 418.1, EPA 801.5 Modified) or similar methods for analysis dming remediation of contaminated sites. In reality, there is no standard for the measurement of total petroleum hydrocarbons since each method may need to be chosen or adapted on the basis of site specificity. 

It is not surprising that the data produced as total petroleum hydrocarbons (EPA 418.1) suffer from several shortcomings as an index of potential ground-water contamination or health risk. In fact, it does not actually measure the total petroleum hydrocarbons in the sample but rather, measures a specific range of hydrocarbon compounds. This is caused by limitations of the extraction process (solvents used and the concentration steps) and the reference standards used for instrumental analysis. The method specifically states that it does not accurately measure the lighter fractions of gasoline [benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylenes fraction (BTEX)], which should include the benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylenes fraction. Further, the method was originally a method for water samples that has been modified for solids, and it is subject to bias. 

The properties of asphalt emulsions (ASTM D977, D2397) allow a variety of uses. As with other petroleum products, sampling is an important precursor to asphalt analysis, and a standard method (ASTM D140) is available that provides guidance for the sampling of asphalts, liquid and semisolid, at point of manufactnre, storage, or delivery. 

Finally, one aspect that can pay a role in compositional studies is the sieve (screening) analysis. Like all petroleum products, sampling is, or can be, a major issue. If not performed correctly and poor sampling is the result, erroneous and very misleading data can be produced by the analytical method of choice. For this reason, reference is made to standard procedures such as the Standard Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke Samples for Laboratory Analysis (ASTM D346) and the Standards Test Method for the Sieve Analysis of Coke (ASTM D293). 

FI mass spectra are normally characterized by intense molecular ion peaks accompanied by no or at least few fragment ions. [7,11,12] Especially in case of unpolar low-mass analytes, FI-MS can serve as molecular ion mass spectrometry (Fig. 8.10). [56] This property made Fl-MS become a standard tool for hydrocarbon analysis in the petroleum industry. [6,9,10,13,26,56-58]... 

Finding a Method Various organizations publish volumes of methods for chemical analysis. One of the most well known is the American Society for Testing and Materials, or ASTM. The ASTM is a not-for-profit organization that provides a forum for producers, users, and consumers, to write standards for materials, products, systems, and services. The ASTM (Figure 5.19) publishes standard test methods encompassing metals, paints, plastics, textiles, petroleum, construction, energy, the environment, consumer products, medical services and devices, computerized systems, electronics, and many other areas. More than 10,000 ASTM standards are published each year in the 72 volumes of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Individual standards are also available. 

Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method. ASTM D3238-95 (2005). 

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