Consensus industries

Tvedt Jr., T. J. Holloway, Robert T. Control of Industrial Boiler Water Chemistry A New ASME Consensus. Industrial Water Treatment, Tall Oaks Publishing, Inc., USA, May/June 1996. 

J-STD-001 andIPC-A-610 Industry Standards. These consensus industry association standards are widely recognized as the most common standards for requirements and workmanship for PCB assemblies, both nationally and internationally. They allow flexible definition of requirements based on three distinct classes of product, and the acceptability and performance requirements change based upon the contract provisions for the individual product as these classes are appUed. 

Standards also give definitions for the characteristics of a material or product, or they provide the means and methods to implement quality tests for them. The difference lies in their method of preparation, therefore, in their legal status. A standard is the result of a consensus between all parties concerned. These parties represent the manufacturers of the product or material, the consumers who are the industries or user services or, ultimately, consumer associations, as well as, finally, governments. 

The accreditation of a standard is an official act (signed by the Ministry of Industry in France). To prepare standards, governments have mandated private organizations which are responsible for continuously following the rules to reach a mciximum consensus. There is only one such organization per country. They are, moreover, grouped at the European and international levels. 

In 1973 the Semiconductor Equipment and Materials Institute (SEMI) held its first standards meeting. SEMI standards are voluntary consensus specifications developed by the producers, users, and general interest groups in the semiconductor (qv) industry. Examples of electronic chemicals are glacial acetic acid [64-19-7] acetone [67-64-17, ammonium fluoride [12125-01 -8] and ammonium hydroxide [1336-21 -6] (see Ammonium compounds), dichloromethane [75-09-2] (see Cm.OROCARBONSANDcm.OROHYDROCARBONs), hydrofluoric acid [7664-39-3] (see Eluorine compounds, inorganic), 30% hydrogen peroxide (qv) [7722-84-1] methanol (qv) [67-56-1] nitric acid (qv) [7697-37-2] 2-propanoI [67-63-0] (see Propyl alcohols), sulfuric acid [7664-93-9] tetrachloroethane [127-18-4] toluene (qv) [108-88-3] and xylenes (qv) (see also Electronic materials). 

Consensus on Operating Practicesfor The Control of Feedwater and Boiler Water Chemistry in Modem Industrial BoilerSs The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY, 1994. 

Consensus standards Existing standards that are voluntarily being followed by industry, typically containing the minimum requirements for materials, procedures, and applications. 

This analysis forms the basis of a widely used industry consensus standard, American Petroleum Institute, Recommended Practice 14C, Analysis, Design, Installation, and Testing of Basic Surface Systems for Ofi- i orc Production Platforms (RP14C), which contains a procedure tor dcicnniniiig required process safety devices and shutdowns. The procedures ilescribed here can be used to develop checklists for devices not covered by RP14C or to modify the consensus checklists presented in RP14C in areas of the world where RPI4C is not mandated. 

While RP14C provides guidance on the need for process safety devices, it is desirable to perform a complete hazards analysis of tlie facility to identify hazards that are not necessarily detected or contained by process sLifety devices and that could lead to loss of containment of hydrocarbons or otherwise lead to fire, explosion, pollution, or injury to personnel. The industry consensus standard, American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 14J, Design and Hazards Analysis for Offshore Facilities (RP14J), provides guidance as to the use of various hazards analysis techniques. 

Most or the incidents described were the result or not rollowing good engineering practice. Some violated the law, and many more would if they occurred today. In the United States, they would violate OSHA 1910.147 (1990) on The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lock Out/Tag Out) and the Process Safety Management (PSM) Law (OSHA 1910.119, in force since 1992). which applies to listed chemicals above a threshold quantity. The PSM Law requires companies to follow good engineering practice, codes, industry consensus standards, and even the company s owm standards. OSHA could view failure to follow any of these as violations. 

In April 1982, a data workshop was held to evaluate, discuss, and critique data in order to establish a consensus generic data set for the USNRC-RES National Reliability Evaluation Program (NREP). The data set contains component failure rates and probability estimates for loss of coolant accidents, transients, loss of offsite power events, and human errors that could be applied consistently across the nuclear power industry as screening values for initial identification of dominant accident sequences in PRAs. This data set was used in the development of guidance documents for the performance of PRAs. 

Since industrial nitration occurs, in most cases, in two-phase systems a number of workers have investigated the kinetics in both organic and acid phases (Refs 18b, 46 81). The consensus is that nitration occurs mainly in the acid phase. In what follows we will examine reaction rate effects in industrial-type nitrations for producing TNT, NG and EGDN... 

The ASME Consensus was prepared by a subgroup of the Research and Technology Committee on Steam and Water in Thermal Power Stations, and this background is evident in the perspective of the guidelines. These tables primarily cover industrial and marine boilers, with five of the six tables assuming that a deaerator is in service (which is unlikely to be the case in most small industrial and commercial facilities). Certain types of boiler are not covered these are ... 

The BS 2486 1978 water chemistry table for FT plants categorized boilers by FW hardness (unlike the 1997 revision, which charted by heat flux, and the ASME Consensus, which uses pressure to define boiler groups). This 1978 edition has been withdrawn by BSI. However, for the purposes of providing guidelines for those many thousands of smaller FT boiler plant owners around the world (especially those in newly industrializing countries) operating lower heat-flux units and without benefit of first-class pretreatment, it remains a valid standard. 

Table 12.2 (ASME Consensus table 1) Suggested water chemistry limits. Industrial watertube, high duty, primary fuel fired, drum type Makeup water percentage Up to 100% of feedwater. Conditions Includes superheater, turbine drives or process restriction on steam purity Saturated steam purity target See tabulated values below... 

Table 12.3 (ASME Consensus table 2) Suggested chemistry limits. Industrial water-tube, high duty, primary fuel fired, drum type.

Other notaries are the Consensus on Operating Practices for the Control of Feedwater and Boiler Water Chemistry in Modem Industrial Boilers (1994 edition), published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and BS 2486 1997 Recommendations for Treatment of Water for Steam Boilers and Water Heaters from the British Standards Institution. The 1994 Consensus (with its engineering background) and the 1997 version of BS 2486 (with its strength in operational chemistry) complement each other well. I consider that the tables and propositions contained in these two booklets jointly represent a true standard for boiler water treatment operational control. Consequently, I am pleased to be able to reproduce in this book all the tables from both publications, having received permission from the respective organizations to do so. 

Although there is no universal consensus as to the scale of production and use of chemical substances, it is estimated that the average annual world production of such substances is in excess of 450 million tonnes. Other estimates indicate that there are currently identified over five million distinct chemical compounds, with this number increasing at the rate of over a third of a million per year. Whilst many of these compounds are clearly not in everyday commercial or industrial use, it is estimated that at least 100,000 chemical substances can be considered to be in everyday use on a substantial scale, and that this number is being added to at the rate of at least several hundred per year, in the case of substances which are produced in quantities in excess of one tonne per year. 

---