Pesticide exposure Routes

Skin is also important as an occupational exposure route. Lipid-soluble solvents often penetrate the skin, especially as a liquid. Not only solvents, but also many pesticides are, in fact, preferentially absorbed into the body through the skin. The ease of penetration depends on the molecular size of the compound, and the characteristics of the skin, in addition to the lipid solubility and polarity of the compounds. Absorption of chemicals is especially effective in such areas of the skin as the face and scrotum. Even though solid materials do not usually readily penetrate the skin, there are exceptions (e.g., benzo(Lt)pyrene and chlorophenols) to this rule. 

Oudbier AJ, Bloomer AW, Price HA, et al. 1974. Respiratory route of pesticide exposure as a potential health hazard. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 12 1-9. 

Data should show pesticide occurrence and dissipation in important matrices during the study period (Figure 1). This has been extensively covered in other articles and will not be elaborated here. Exposure routes should be characterized well enough to quantify the dosages that are experienced by nontarget organisms. This is often... 

Two female Beagle dogs received a single intravenous dose of 0.2 mg/kg [14C]diazinon in ethanol. Radioactivity in the blood decreased in a biphasic manner. The half-life of the terminal or elimination phase was estimated to be 15 hours (Iverson et al. 1975). Diazinon was found (5 mg/kg) in omental fat of a man found unconscious and who died 11 days later (Kirkbride 1987). Pesticide exposure was suspected in his death but no confirmatory test of acetylcholinesterase activity was performed, nor were clinical signs of diazinon toxicity reported. This man worked at a horticultural supply store and was an active gardener, however no route of exposure to the diazinon could be confirmed. 

Vink K, Dewi L, Bedaux J, Tompot A, Hermans M, Van Straalen NM. 1995. The importance of exposure route when testing the toxicity of pesticides to saprotrophic isopods. Environ Toxicol Chem 14 1225-1232. 

INTRODUCTION 14 PESTICIDE CATEGORIES 15 PESTICIDE HANDLERS 15 Agricultural Pesticide Handlers 15 Tasks Performed by an Individual 16 Factors Affecting Exposure 16 Residential and Institutional Pesticide Handlers 18 Families of Pesticide Handlers 19 STUDY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 20 Worker Stratification 21 Routes of Exposure 21 Respiratory Exposure 21 Dermal Exposure 21 Sampling Strategy Selection 21 Statistical Analysis 22 PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS 22 PESTICIDE EXPOSURE MONITORING METHODS 23 Passive Dosimetry 23... 

The field of pesticide exposure assessment is complex and challenging. Exposures occur through multiple routes and are highly variable. Risks associated with pesticide handling differ substantially for the different activities and from those experienced by agricultural re-entry workers. Different assessment and control strategies are needed for each population. Eamilies of pesticide handlers can be... 

Accurate exposure and biological monitoring data are crucial to the evaluation of residential exposure and risk estimates since the potential health risks associated with a pesticide depend on the amount of exposure to the pesticide, its toxicity and the susceptibility of the exposed population. Prediction of whether adverse health effects will occur in humans can be made by comparing the exposure estimate to the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) derived from the animal toxicity data. Uncertainty arises from the input data used in an assessment, e.g. variability in time-activity patterns, contact with exposure media, bioavailability, exposure duration, frequency of product use and differences in the route of exposure in humans from that in the animal studies (since absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination kinetics may differ substantially by exposure route). 

EXPOSURES RELEVANT TO HEALTH THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 246 Considerations of Exposure Timing 246 Considerations of Exposure Route 247 Practical Context of Pesticide Exposure 248 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGNS AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 248 Prospective Cohort Studies 248 Retrospective Cohort Studies 249 Case-Control Studies 250 Cross-Sectional Studies 252 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES 252 INFLUENCE OF THE ACCURACY OF EXPOSURE PROXIES ON MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION 254 Errors in Qualitative Proxies 254... 

A single individual may be exposed to a given chemical through multiple exposure routes. Eor example, a worker who is occupationally exposed to a pesticide (e.g., through inhalation and dermal... 

Origin / Industry Sources/Uses Prepared by the chlorination of biphenyl used in the electrical industry in capacitors and transformers used in the formulation of lubricating and cutting oils pesticides adhesives plastics inks paints sealants. Exposure Routes Inhalation of fume or vapor percutaneous adsorption of liquid ingestion eye and skin contact landfills containing PCB waste materials and products incineration of municipal refuse and sewage sludge waste transformer fluid disposal to open areas. 

Dermal absorption of agricultural chemicals and animal drugs in food-producing animals must be considered as a potential route from which tissue residues of drugs and chemicals may occur. This has been supported in studies of topical pesticide exposure in cows and sheep. Despite the many advances made in in vitro and in vivo techniques for assessing percutaneous absorption in laboratory animals and man, very little systematic attention has been focussed on food-producing animals. The only exception is the pig since it is an accepted model for human studies. The purpose of this manuscript is to overview the literature on dermal xenobiotic absorption in food-producing animals to illustrate the risk that is present, and to outline how in vitro and in vivo methods could be applied to this problem. 

EXPOSURE ROUTES Inhalation (spray drift in regions surrounding agricultural areas, application of the pesticide) ingestion (contaminated food and drinking water) occupational exposure. 

EXPOSURE ROUTES Inhalation, ingestion (contaminated water from industrial effluents and pesticide leachate runoff) absorption occupational exposure. 

EXPOSURE ROUTES Primarily in water and wastewater ingestion(contaminated food) pesticides soil wood leather glue preservatives occupational exposure from production sources of chlorinated phenols or waste burners. 

EXPOSURE ROUTES air water food inhalation skin adsorption ingestion eye and skin contact pesticide manufacturers, formulators, and applicators... 

EXPOSURE ROUTES use as a pesticide primarily through ingestion of contaminated food found also in air, water, sediment, and soil inhalation and dermal contact among workers... 

EXPOSURE ROUTES inhalation or dermal contact manufacture, formulation, application of pesticide pesticide leaching or runoff percutaneous adsorption wastewater effluents... 

EXPOSURE ROUTES primarily from pesticide runoff to water readily adsorbed through intact skin vapors adsorbed through respiratory tract automobile exhaust gas... 

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