Semen human

Juhler RK, Larsen SB, Meyer O, et al. 1999a. Human semen quality in relation to dietary pesticide exposure and organic diet. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 37 415-423. 

Byrn RA, Kiesshng AA (1998) Analysis of human immunodeficiency virus in semen indications of a genetically distinct virus reservoir. J Reprod Immunol 41(1-2) 161-176 Carr JM, Hocking H, Li P, Burrell CJ (1999) Rapid and efficient celL-to-ceU transmission of human immunodeficiency vims infection from monocyte-derived macrophages to peripheral blood lymphocytes. Virology 265(2) 319-329... 

Retroviruses Human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-1) Spherical enveloped virus lOOnm in diameter, icosahedral cores contain two copies of linear RNA molecules and reverse transcriptase HTI.V is spread inside infected lymphocytes in blood, semen or breast milk. Most infections remain asymptomatic but after an incubation period of 10-40 years in about 2% of cases, adult T-cell leukaemia can result... 

In some animals, consumption of a phytoestrogen-rich diet can cause temporary infertility and reproductive system disorders (Irvine, 1999). In humans, lower testosterone levels and a decline in human semen quality over the past century have been luiked to increased exposure to environmental endocrine disrupters (EDCs) (Sharpe and Skakkebaek, 1993). Furthermore, cases of sexual impotence have been reported in males exposed to synthetic estrogens in the pharmaceutical industry (Mattison et al., 1990). If this might be the case, the fetal-prepubertal period and Sertoli cell development would be of critical importance (Sharpe and Skakkebaek, 1993). However, an adverse effect of phytoestrogens on male fertility has yet to be proven. Recent work (Mitchell et al., 2001) addressing this point led to the conclusion that up to 40 mg/day of isoflavones over a two-month period had no effects on gonadotrophin and... 

Chowdhury AR, Chinoy NJ, Gautam AK, et al. 1986. Effect of lead on human semen. Adv Contracept Deliv Syst 2 208-211. 

Rudbeck L, Dissing J. Rapid, simple alkaline extraction of human genomic DNA from whole blood, buccal epithelial cells, semen and forensic stains for PCR. BioTechniques 1998 25 588-592. 

For other plant-derived antibodies, stability was shown to be similar to mammalian counterparts. For instance, a humanized anti-herpes simplex virus monoclonal antibody (IgGl) was expressed in soybean and showed stability in human semen and cervical mucus over 24 h similar to the antibody obtained from mammalian cell culture. In addition, the plant-derived and mammalian antibodies were tested in a standard neutralization assay with no apparent differences in their ability to neutralize HSV-2. As glycans may play a role in immune exclusion mechanisms in mucus, the diffusion of these monoclonal antibodies in human cerival mucus was tested. No differences were found in terms of the prevention of vaginal HSV-2 transmission in a mouse model, i.e. the plant-derived antibody provided efficient protection against a vaginal inoculum of HSV-2 [58]. This shows that glycosylation differences do not necessarily affect efficacy. 

B. cants is the species of Brucella species that can infect dogs, This species has occasionally been transmitted to humans, but the vast majority of dog infections do not result in human illness. Although veterinarians exposed to blood of infected animals are at risk, pet owners are not considered to be at risk for infection. This is partly because it is uniikely that they will come in contact with blood, semen, or placenta of the dog. The bacteria may be cleared from the animal within a few days of treatment however re infection is common and some animal body fluids may be infectious for weeks. Immunocompromised persons (cancer patients, HIV-infected individuals, or transplantation patients) should not handle dogs known to be infected with B. cams. 

HIV is present in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the major source of transmitted virus. Titers, however, are quite low, about 10,000 infectious doses per ml of blood, so that the blood is less infectious than in hepatitis B virus infections. The amount present tends to fall after seroconversion and rises again during development of AIDS-related complex and AIDS. Smaller amounts of virus are also present in semen and saliva, and probably even smaller amounts in colostrum, the human cervix, and tears. Infection is reported in CD4 positive submucosal cells in the rectum and large bowel and could be a route of entry in homosexuals. 

Hours since last ejaculation (Jouannet et al. 1981) and testis size (Kim and Lee 1982 Harvey and May 1989) both show the expected positive relationships (Table 1). Chronic alcoholism has a major negative influence on semen quality (Gomathi et al. 1993), but small amounts of alcohol are associated with more sperm in masturbatory ejaculates (Gerhard et al. 1992), as in Table 1. Autopsy studies have shown that the number of sperm manufactured per day by human testes declines by about 5 million for every year of a man s life after the age of about 25 y (Neaves et al. 1984). The decline per insemination of about 13 million for each year of age found in the Manchester study matches this autopsy work well, being the decline expected if the interval between ejaculations were 2—3 days. 

Belsey, M. A., Eliasson, R., Gallegos, A. J., Moghissi, K. S., Paulsen, C. A. and Prasad, M. R. N. (1987). WHO laboratory manual for examination of human semen and semen-cervical mucus interaction. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

Gerhard, I., Lenard, K., Eggert-Kruse, W. and al., e. (1992). Clinical data which influence semen parameters in infertile men. Human Reproduction 7, 830-837. 

Occupational exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane has been reported to produce adverse effects both on spermatogenesis (sperm concentration) and seminal fluid production (semen volume) in human males (Ratcliffe et al. 1987 Takahashi et al. 1981, Ter Haar 1980). 

Stachel B, Dougherty RC, Lahl U, et al. 1989. Toxic environmental chemicals in human semen Analytical method and case studies. Andrologia 21 282-291. 

Semen is a suspension of spermatozoa in seminal fluid, the volume of which in a normal human ejaculation varies between 2 and 10 mL. There are about 20 million sperm per mL of semen, although they comprise only a small percentage of the volume. 

Sufficient fructose must be present in the semen to generate enough ATP to keep the cell alive, and power the swimming. On the basis of the relative size of a spermatozoon and a human, this distance is equivalent to 0 km (approximately a fuU marathon). 

OPFRs appear to be readily metabolized and so the parent compounds are not frequently detected in human samples. TBP and TDC/PP have been detected in a few adipose tissue samples at the ng/g level [57, 58, 63]. TDC/PP has been detected in semen as well [91]. Some studies could detect TPP in blood, but it originated from the PVC packaging [92]. Marklund et al. [81] detected OPFRs in pools of human milk samples collected from the 1990s to now. In Table 4, the most important compounds are mentioned, namely TBEP, TBP, and TCiPP. Other OPFRs were determined as 5 ng/g Iw or lower. 

Studies on health effects of PAEs in humans have remained controversial due to limitations of the study design. Some findings in human populations are consistent with animal data, suggesting that PAEs and their metabolites produce toxic effects in the reproductive system. Some studies associate monoesters PAEs with semen parameters, sperm DNA damage, and hormones in human population, but none of them are statistically significant. Urinary monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono- -butyl phthalate (MBP), MEHP, and monoethyl phthalate (MEP) were associated with poor sperm morphology and vigor, and with low sperm concentration, motility, and linearity [31-35]. However, it is not yet possible to conclude whether phthalate exposure is harmful for human reproduction. 

Phthalates are suspected of acting as endocrine disrupters also in humans, affecting male and female reproductive tract development. Exposure to PAEs in adult men has been associated with semen quality and alterations in sexual behavior [104], and with endometriosis and intrauterine inflammation (which is a risk factor for prematurity) in adult women [105, 106], as well as other effects. These studies suggest that DEHP may play a role in inducing the intrauterine inflammatory process. Besides the reproductive effects of PAEs, recent studies have also shown the genotoxicity of DEHP, DBP, and DiBP in human lymphocytes and mucosal cells [107,108]. 

Duty SM, Silva MJ, Barr DB, Brock JW, Ryan L, Chen ZY, Herrick RF, Christiani DC, Hauser R (2003) Phthalate exposure and human semen parameters. Epidemiology 14 269-277... 

Adverse reproductive effects have also been reported in humans. Fumigators chronically exposed to EDB showed statistically significant decreases in sperm count and percentages of viable and motile sperm and increases in sperm with specific abnormalities compared with controls. Decrease in sperm velocity and semen volume has been reported in another group of fumigators who were exposed to EDB seasonally." No adverse effects were found on sperm counts of 50 workers exposed to less than 5.0ppm. ... 

Semen, reactive oxygen species, 612 Sensorial quaUty appreciation, oxidation stabihty, 664 Semm protein oxidative damage, 614 see also Human seram Sesquiterpenes, stractural chemistry, 133-6 SET see Single electron transfer Sharpless epoxidation, allylic alcohols, 789 Shelf durability, peroxide value, 656 Ship-in-the-bottle strategy, chiral dioxetane synthesis, 1176-7... 

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid is the repository of hereditary characteristics. The most commonly described form of DNA is the double-stranded form, arranged as a helix. Chromosomes are composed of double-stranded DNA. So called DNA fingerprinting offers a basis for evaluating the probability that blood, hair, semen or tissue samples originate from a given person, and thus offers a forensic tool as well as a means to determine lineages of humans and animals... 

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