Pesticide effects

Examples of Synthesis Routes Inherently Safer Than Others As summarized by Bodor (1995), the ethyl ester of DDT is highly effective as a pesticide and is not as toxic. The ester is hydrolytically sensitive and metabolizes to nontoxic products. The deliberate introduction of a structure into the molecule which facilitates hydrolytic deactivation of the molecule to a safer form can be a key to creating a chemical product with the desired pesticide effects but without the undesired environmental effects. This technique is being used extensively in the pharmaceutical industry. It is applicable to other chemical industries as well. 

Hardy, A.R. (1990). Estimating exposure The identification of species at risk and routes of exposure. In L. Somerville and C.H. Walker (Eds.) Pesticide Effects on Terrestrial Wildlife, 81-98, London Taylor Francis. 

Somerville, L. and Greaves, M.P. (1987). Pesticide Effects on Soil. London Taylor and Francis. 

Women who have been in contact with toxafene have an increased estrogen level in the initial period of the menstrual cycle. Moreover, there was no clear phase change, which shows that hormonal regulation was disrupted [15]. The negative impact of even low doses of OCPs on pregnancy has been proved, especially in the third trimester [1]. It has been shown many times that there is a correlation between embryo death and pesticide content in the mother s body [1]. We will now quote several results of the study of pesticides effects on pregnancy and birth. 

The risk of acute, more likely chronic, poisoning by different pesticides concerns not only this small number of children who are in one way or another linked to pesticide use, but also the larger number of children with no link whatsoever to pesticides. The danger of pesticides effects on children and their mothers is examined in many different papers [12, 37, 45, 48, 57, 70, 89, 90, 93, 96, 101, 103]. 

Newborns are especially vulnerable to pesticides effects, since they do not have a fully developed immune system and adaptation mechanisms, or detoxification systems for foreign chemicals. A direct correlation between overall pesticide exposure in a given territory and primary illness in newborns [A101] was traced into even those territories of the Ukraine where the volumes of pesticides used were not extreme. The clearest expression of the pesticide exposure - primary newborn illness correlation is seen with pesticides of the second risk class (by toxicity), while the correlation is less clear for pesticides of the third and fourth categories. The most dangerous pesticides of all types for newborns are OCPs, with OPPs a close second [A101]. 

Pesticides are one of the main factors threatening biodiversity on the planet. In the near future, pesticide effects on animals will not lessen, but grow background concentrations of some pesticides have almost reached levels that seriously affect life processes. 

Denisova A.V., Voronova L.D., Shilova S.A. Otsenka opasnosti insektitsida sevina dlya dikikh zhivotnykh nazemnykh ekosistem razlichnykh prirodnykh zon (An Evaluation of the Danger of the Insecticide Sevin for Wild Animals in Land-Based Ecosystems in Different Natural Zones) / / Vliyaniye pestitsidov na dikikh zhivotnykh nazemnykh i vodnykh ekosistem (Pesticide Effects on Wild Animals of Land- and Water-Based Ecosystems). Moscow, 1977. P. 27-57. 

Ambarysumyan G.Sh. Vliyaniye pestitsidov na sostoyaniye zdorov ya sel skogo naseleniya Armyanskoy SSR (Pesticide Effects on Rural Population Health in the Armenian SSR) Dis.. ..Doctor of Medical Sciences. Yerevan, 1988. Vol. 1, 466 pp. Vol.2, 249 pp. 

Lydon J and Duke S D (1989), Pesticides effects on secondary metabolism of higher plants , Pest Sci, 25, 361-374. 

Schom, C.B., U.K. Abbott, and N. Walker. 1973. Organophosphorus pesticide effects on domestic and game bird species. Dursban. Poult. Sci. 52 2083. 

Stadnyk, L. and R.S. Campbell. 1971. Pesticide effect on growth and assimilation in a freshwater alga. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6 1-8. 

Stromborg, K.L. 1977. Seed treatment pesticide effects on pheasant reproduction at sublethal doses. Jour. Wildl. Manage. 41 632-642. 

Vermeer, K., R.W. Risebrough, A.L. Spaans, and L.M. Reynolds. 1974. Pesticide effects on fishes and birds in rice fields of Surinam, South America. Environ. Pollut. 7 217-236. 

Schwartz, C.C. and G.J. Nagy. 1974. Pesticide effects on in vitro dry matter digestion in deer. Jour. Wildl. Manage. 38 531-534. 

Other considerations would Include data on adsorption and leaching or other movement of the pesticide In the soil the effects of the pesticide on microorganisms In the soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions effects of microorganisms on the pesticide effects of the pesticide on higher plants and... 

Hoagland, K.D., Drenner, R.W., Smith, J.D. and Cross, D.R. (1993) Fresh-water community responses to mixtures of agricultural pesticides - effects of atrazine and bifenthrin. Environ Toxicol Chem, 12, 627-637. 

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