Exposure to pesticides

Hawthorne, A., et al. (1987) Models for estimating organic emissions from building materials formaldehyde example. Atmos. Environ. 21, No. 2. Lewis, R. G., et al. (1986) Monitoring for non-occupational exposure to pesticides in indoor and personal respiratory air. Presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Minneapolis, MN. 

Reporting incidents of exposure to pesticides and veterinary medicines - what to do if you think people, animals or the environment have been harmed by exposure to pesticides or veterinary medicines... 

At Site I, personnel and equipment decontamination procedures were not monitored for their effectiveness in accordance with HAZ-WOPER requirements. The Site I subcontractor did not have provisions for particulate sampling, evaluating exposure to pesticides and herbicides, or evaluating the effectiveness of site zone boundaries and personnel decontamination procedures. Additionally, monitoring had not been conducted to verify that decontamination was not necessary for employees who leave the exclusion zone and enter a clean zone without undergoing decontamination. 

Anwar WA. 1997. Biomarkers of human exposure to pesticides. Environ Health Perspect Suppl 105 (Supplement 4) 801-806. 

Ritter L. 1997. Report of a panel on the relationship between public exposure to pesticides and cancer. Cancer 80 2019-2033. 

Garcia-Rodriquez J, Garcia-Martin M, Nogueras-Ocana M, et al. 1996. Exposure to pesticides and cryptorchidism Geographical evidence of a possible association. Environ Health Perspect 104(10) 1090-1095. 

Possible exposure to pesticide-derived N,-nitroso compounds depends on environmental processes that influence formation, movement, and degradation of the compounds. Although laboratory studies have shown the feasibility of environmental nitrosamine formation, there has been little evidence that it is an important process. Nitrosamines vary greatly in their environmental stabilities, but all seem to be susceptible to one or more modes of decomposition including photolysis, microbiological degradation, and plant metabolism. 

EPA has an active research program in progress on methodology and quantitation of pesticide exposure to pesticide handlers and... 

One common objective of an LSMBS is to refine the estimates of actual exposure of consumers to ingredients or impurities in one or more products. For example, study results might be intended to determine a realistic human dietary exposure to pesticide residues in fresh fruits and vegetables. The advent of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) has produced an enhanced focus on the exposure of children to pesticides. A well-designed and implemented LSMBS would afford the opportunity to delineate better the exposure and risk to children and other population subgroups. The LSMBS would provide consumer-level data at or near the point of consumption, allowing the refined, relevant, and realistic assessments of dietary exposure. 

Biological sampling determining routes of wildlife exposure to pesticides... 

Farm worker exposure to pesticides has been studied extensively over the past 30 years.This scientitic discipline has evolved from the days when respiratory exposure of farm workers was measured using gauze dosimeters placed inside respirators to collect airborne pesticide residues to very sophisticated air sampling devices and remarkable dosimeter devices to measure dermal exposure to farm workers. ... 

Current field methods for measuring mixer-loader and re-entry worker exposure to pesticide residues... 

Both inner and outer whole-body dosimeters are common tools to measure successfully dermal exposure to pesticide workers and are employed in a variety of ways in mixer-loader/applicator or re-entry studies. 

The measurement of foot exposure to pesticides is not commonly performed in worker exposure studies. However, the measurement of foot exposure can be accomplished by either using socks as a foot dosimeter or by washing the foot using similar procedures to those used for the face wipe. 

There are situations where close-up observations of the volunteer study participant may not be warranted. For example, during a study to determine exposure to pesticides of a group of custom applicators using biological monitoring, observing the workers may not be acceptable in order to make sure that the exposure levels are not biased by any control of the study by the investigator. 

J.C. Reinert and D.J. Severn, Dermal Exposure to Pesticides EPA s Viewpoint, in Dermal Exposure Related to Pesticide Use Discussion of Risk Assessment, ed. R.C. Honeycutt, G. Zweig, and N.N. Ragsdale, ACS Symposium Series 273, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC,... 

Information on exposure levels is fundamental for the assessment and management of health risks related to occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides. Biological monitoring is a primary tool for exposure evaluation,... 

There is a growing need to better characterize the health risk related to occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides. Risk characterization is a basic step in the assessment and management of the health risks related to chemicals (Tordoir and Maroni, 1994). Evaluation of exposure, which may be performed through environmental and biological monitoring, is a fundamental component of risk assessment. Biomarkers are useful tools that may be used in risk assessment to confirm exposure or to quantify it by estimating the internal dose. Besides their use in risk assessment, biomarkers also represent a fundamental tool to improve the effectiveness of medical and epidemiological surveillance. 

WHO (1982) Field Survey of Exposure to Pesticides Standard Protocol, VBC 82/1, World Health Organization, Geneva. 

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