Epidemiological evidence

Cobalt compounds can be classified as relatively nontoxic (33). There have been few health problems associated with workplace exposure to cobalt. The primary workplace problems from cobalt exposure are fibrosis, also known as hard metal disease (34,35), asthma, and dermatitis (36). Finely powdered cobalt can cause siUcosis. There is Htfle evidence to suggest that cobalt is a carcinogen in animals and no epidemiological evidence of carcinogenesis in humans. The LD q (rat) for cobalt powder is 1500 mg/kg. The oral LD q (rat) for cobalt(II) acetate, chloride, nitrate, oxide, and sulfate are 194, 133, 198, 1700, 5000, and 279 mg/kg, respectively the intraperitoneal LD q (rat) for cobalt(III) oxide is 5000 mg/kg (37). 

A2 - Suspected human carcinogens. Chemical substances, or substances associated with industrial process, which are suspect of inducing cancer, based on their limited epidemiological evidence or demonstration of carcinogenesis in one or more animal species by appropriate methods. 

The most frequently used reference guidelines for ambient particulate concentration are those of WHO, the EU, and the USEPA. These guidelines are based on clinical, toxicological, and epidemiologic evidence and were established by determining the concentrations with the lowest observed adverse effect (implicitly accepting the notion that a lower threshold exists under which no adverse human... 

C arcinogenic ro humans Enough epidemiological evidence on carcinogenicity in humans... 

Chen CY, Wagner FA, Anthony JC Marijuana use and the risk of major depressive episode epidemiological evidence from the United States National Comorbidity Survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 37 199-206, 2002... 

Sever EE, Arbuckle TE, Sweeney A. 1997. Reproductive and developmental effects of occupational pesticide exposure The epidemiologic evidence. Occup Med 12 305-325. 

The epidemiological evidence suggests that diet is a significant factor in the development of cancer. In their classic epidemiological study, Doll and Peto (1981) estimated that diet was responsible for as many as 35% of cancers in the West. An encyclopaedic report on nutrition and cancer by the World Cancer Research Fund (1997) has confirmed the central importance of diet as a major determinant of many forms of cancer across the globe. The interactions between diet and the biological processes leading to the... 

BLOCK G, PATTERSON B and SUBAR A (1992) Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention a review of the epidemiological evidence , Nutr Cancer, 18, 1-29. 

BYERS T and GUERRERO N (1995) Epidemiologic evidence for vitamin C and vitamin E in cancer prevention , Am J Clin Nutr, 62, 1385S-92S. 

MCLARTY J w (1997) Autioxidants and cancer the epidemiological evidence , in Antioxidants and Disease Prevention, Garewal, H S (ed), Boca Raton, CRC Press, 45-65. 

VAN POPPED G and goldbohm r a (1995) Epidemiological evidence for heta-carotene and cancer prevention , J Am Clin Nutr, 62, 1393S-402S. 

KRISTAL A R (2002) Brassica vegetables and prostate cancer risk A review of the epidemiological evidence . Pharmaceutical Biology, 40 55-8. 

HUFF J E, LUCIER G and TRITSCHER A (1994) Carcinogenicity of TCDD experimental, mechanistic and epidemiological evidence. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 34 343-72. 

Van Poppel, G., Epidemiological evidence for p-carotene in prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr, 50, 55S, 1996. 

In addition, there is now epidemiological evidence that dietary antioxidants, such as vitamins A, C, D and E, phytic acid, and protease inhibitors can prevent carcinogenesis, including that of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (Graf and Eaton, 1990 Block, 1991 Malone, 1991 Troll, 1991 Weisburger, 1991). 

Block, G. (1991). Vitamin C and cancer prevention, the epidemiologic evidence. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 270-82S. 

Browne, K. (1983). Asbestos related mesothelioma epidemiological evidence for asbestos as a promoter. Arch. Environ. Health 38, 261-266. 

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