Indoor exposure pesticides

Pesticide exposure assessment Jazzercize activities to determine extreme case indoor exposure potential and in-use biomonitoring... 

In 1985, Berteau and Mengle (1985) of the California Department of Health Services and Maddy of the Department of Food and Agriculture conducted a preliminary review of pesticides used indoors. They noted several cases (six) from the Pesticide Illness Surveillance system in which illness was reported after structural pest control. Hypothetical exposure estimates for infants, children, and adults following label use for propoxur, DDVP, and chlorpyrifos were sometimes greater than toxic levels. In 1987, Berteau et al. (1989) reiterated the concern about the potential magnitude of indoor exposures, particularly for children. 

From the above it can be concluded that the risk for lung cancer induction from chronic indoor exposure to Rn-d is unlikely to be higher than 1.10 4/mSv. in order to understand the magnitude of this risk it has to be emphasized that man can be exposed to a multitude of different hazardous materials in the indoor atmosphere besides Rn-d, such as formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrosamines, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, asbestos and pesticides (Gammage and Kaye, 1985). 

Humans can be exposed to POPs through diet, occupational exposures (for example, farmworkers may be exposed to POPs through pesticides), industrial accidents and the environment (including indoor exposure). Exposure to POPs, either acute or chronic, can be associated with a wide range of adverse health effects, including illness and death (L. Ritter et al., 1995). Laboratory animal studies and wildlife studies have associated POPs with endocrine disruption, reproductive and immune dysfunction, neurobehavioral disorders and cancer. More recently, some POPs have also been connected to reduced immunity in infants and children and a concomitant increase in infections. Other studies have linked POPS concentrations in humans with developmental abnormalities, neurobehavioral impairment and cancer and tumor induction or promotion.4... 

Lewis, R.G. and Nishioka, M.G. (1999) Residential indoor exposures of children to pesticides following lawn application. Proceedings of Indoor Air, 99 (2), 416-21. 

Fenske, R.A., K.G. Black, K.P. Elkner, C.L. Lee, M.M. Methner and R. Soto (1990). Potential exposure and health risks of infants following indoor residential pesticide applications. Am. J. Public Health, 80, 689-693. 

Indoor exposure assessments can be more complex than outdoor assessments. The indoor assessments are often complicated by the fact that pesticide application methods and their placement within the indoor environments are very diverse and include, for example, crack and crevice treatment, carpet treatment, room loggers, moth repellents, residual termiticides, disinfectants and pet products. This diversity also means that potential human contact with the residues may range from a low probability (crack and crevice treatment) to a higher probability (indoor broadcast treatment such as an indoor total release logger) because of the nature of the application and the variability in activities that may bring individuals in contact with treated areas. Furthermore, the varied characteristics of the source (e.g. formulation type, application methods, room of application and duration of emission) and the indoor residential environment (e.g. room size, air exchange rates, temperature and types of surfaces, such as carpet, upholstery, vinyl, etc.) significantly influence exposure pofenfial. 

House dust is a sink and reservoir for sernivolatile and particle-bound pesticides. Thus, it is a measure for the average contamination of an indoor environment. Pesticides found in house dust are those that are (1) stable in the indoor environment and (2) regularly applied in formulations to fight pests indoors. In contrast to an outdoor environment, where modern pesticides are degraded rather quickly by microorganisms, hydrolysis and UV hght, pesticides used indoors tend to be persistent [85]. Thus, they are a reservoir for chronic exposure. 

Recent findings of indoor exposure studies of chlorpyrifos indicate that young children are at high risk to this semivolatile pesticide [134]. Even after a single broadcast use of chlorpyrifos by certified applicators in apartment rooms, it continued to accumulate on children s toys and hard surfaces 2 weeks after spraying. The estimated chlorpyrifos exposure levels from indoor spraying for children were estimated to be approximately 21-119 times above the current recommended reference dose from all sources [123]. 

House dust serves as a reservoir for pesticides in households [85]. Dust ingestion scenarios show that exposures could also exceed the diazinon chronic reference dose [115]. Support for the thesis that household dust may not only be a direct exposure path but may serve as an indicator for all indoor exposure paths can be concluded from correlations between pesticides in dust and in samples of human origin. Regarding PCP, a semivolatile pesticide, concentrations in urine of women and children corresponded well with indoor dust samples from vacuum cleaner bags [13,136]. 

Besides the magnitude of pesticide residues indoor exposure might be influenced by household characteristics. Residents with large carpeted areas within their dwellings had a higher exposure to diazinon and chlorpyrifos for all routes versus those in less carpet-covered areas [139]. 

According to Bradman et al. [ 115 ], additional research is feasible and needed to assess the magnitude and distribution of these risks from indoor exposure to pesticides. An excellent review on dust as a metric for use in residential and building exposure assessment and source characterization was recently published by Lioy et al. [5]. 

The following are some of the data that may be required by CDFA to assist in making exposure estimates of persons involved in various activities involving the use of pesticides indoor exposure field reentry mixer, loader, and applicator exposure, dermal absorption, and dermal dose response data. 

Most ecotoxicity is linked to the use of pesticides. The use of formalin in disinfection plays a smaller role, although as discussed above exposure in enclosed environments is not modelled. In industries dominated by smallholders with low capital, it is crucial to train farmers to use these effectively and safely, as incorrect practices can incur serious health risks. For a more complete assessment of occupational health risks in sericulture and reeling, USEtox should be used in conjunction with models to assess indoor exposure (see, e.g. Rosenbaum, 2014). 

Hawthorne, A., et al. (1987) Models for estimating organic emissions from building materials formaldehyde example. Atmos. Environ. 21, No. 2. Lewis, R. G., et al. (1986) Monitoring for non-occupational exposure to pesticides in indoor and personal respiratory air. Presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Minneapolis, MN. 

Limited to residents in BRA s weatherization program Adopted OSHA standards Indoor air exposures considered in determining drinking water levels Restricts use and sales of pesticides which may cause indoor air pollution Bans on use of some potential indoor pollutants in consumer products Restricts smoking in specified indoor environments Restricts use of asl estos in VA buildings... 

Problems that rank relatively high in cancer and non-cancer health risks but low in ecological and welfare risks include hazardous air pollutants, indoor radon, indoor air pollution other than radon, pesticide application, exposure to consumer products, and worker exposures to chemicals... 

A 1982 guidance document of the World Health Organization (WHO, 1982) suggested use of loose-fitting, cotton, whole-body dosimeters (WBD) to overcome inefficient sample collection. The California Department of Food and Agriculture recognized the limited usefulness of patch dosimeters for determination of ADD in handler, harvester, and indoor pesticide exposure studies (Maddy et al., 1989). Whole-body dosimeters worn outside or inside standard work clothing may be a suitable means to quantitatively collect... 

Indoor and outdoor exposure to many chemical substances (formaldehyde, asbestos, PVC, many metals, like Cr, As, Be, Ti, V, pesticides and nitrosoamines) can also spur the development of cancer. Here we can only state that the International Agency for Research of cancer has identified 60 environmental agents that can aggravate cancer for humans during exposure to polluted urban air (Misch, 1994). 

Lapinski, R., Godbold,)., Iiu, Z., Landrigan, P.J. and Wolff, M.S. (2003) Exposure to indoor pesticides during pregnancy in a multiethnic, urban cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111, 79-84. 

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