Exposure to organophosphate pesticides

Davies JE, Peterson JC. 1997. Surveillance of occupational, accidental, and incidental exposure to organophosphate pesticides using urine alkyl phosphate and phenolic metabolite measurements. Aim NY Acad Sci 837 257-268. 

Exposure to organophosphate pesticides is often measured by determination of alkyl phosphate or phenol metabolites in the urine. Determination of blood cholinesterase activity can be a valuable indicator of exposure if pre-exposure cholinesterase activity is known (3, 5). Since normal cholinesterase levels... 

Mick, D.L. 1974. Collaborative study of neiirobehavioral and neurophysiological parameters in relation to occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides. In Behavioral Toxicology Early Detection of Occupational Hazards. C. Xintaras, B.L. Johnson and I. de Groot, eds. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC. pp. 152-153. 

Rauch, S.A., Braun, J.M., Boyd Barr, D., Calafat, A.M., Khoury, J., Montesano, M.A., Yolton, K., Lanphear, B.P. Associations of prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticide metabolites with gestational age and birth weight. Environ. Health Perspect 120, 1055-1060... 

Much of the data regarding long-term neurological sequel to exposures to ChE inhibitors in man have been gathered following accidental exposures to organophosphate pesticides. While pertinent, extrapolation from these exposures to predictions of effects from nerve agents may be subject to... 

Bazylewicz-Walczak, B., Majczakowa, W. and Szymczak, M. 1999. Behavioral effects of occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides in female greenhouse planting workers. Neurotoxicology, 20 819-826. 

Rodnitsky, R.L. 1975. Occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides a neurobehavioral study. Arch. Environ. Health, 30 98-103. 

Roldan-Tapia, L., Parron, T. and Sanchez-Santed, F. 2005. Neuropsychological effects of long-term exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 27 259-266. 

Levin HS Behavioral effects of occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides, in Behavioral Toxicology Early Detection of Occupational Hazards. Edited by Xintaras C, Johnson BL, de Groot I. Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1974, pp 154-164... 

Richter ED, Chuwers P, Levy Y, et al Health effects from exposure to organophosphate pesticides in workers and residents in Israel. Isr J Med Sci 28 584-598,1992 Rodnitzky RL, Levin HS, Mick DL Occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Arch Environ Health 30 98-103,1975 Rosenstock L, Daniell W, Barnhart S, et al Chronic neuropsychological sequelae of occupational exposure to organophosphate insecticides. Am J Ind Med 18 321-325, 1990... 

Pilkingtoii, A., Buchanan. D., Jamal, G. A., Gillham. R Hansen. S Kidd, M., Hurley, J. F., and Soutar, C. A. (2001). An epidemiological study of the relations between exposure to organophosphate pesticides and indices of chronic peripheral neuropathy and neuropsychological abnormalities in sheep fanners aitd dippers. Occup. Environ. Med. 58,702-710. 

Richter, E. D., Chuwers, P, Levy, Y.. Gordon, M., Grauer, F., Marzouk, J., Levy, S., Barron, S., and Gruener, N. (1992). Health effects from exposure to organophosphate pesticides in workers and residents in Israel. Israel J. Med. Sci. 28,584-598. 

Cocker, J., Mason, H. J., Garlitt, S. J., and Jones. K. (2002). Biological monitoring of exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Toxicol Lett. 134,97-103. 

Polyneuropathy, the major neuromuscular manifestation seen after exposure to organophosphate pesticides, has not been reported in humans after exposure to nerve agents. Studies suggest that these agents cause polyneuropathy in animals... 

Chronic peripheral nervous system effects have been reported in farmo who applied Ihe oiganophosphate pesticides methyl paralhion (2.86), azinphos-melhyl (2.75), and tetraelhylpyrophosphate (0.45) in xylene (3.15) solutions and were exposed to levels below those known to produce acute or subacute symptoms [48]. Similar effects were desoibed in another study of low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides [49]. In both cases, it is hypothesized that the Upophihc solvent (xylene) fadhtated the absorption of greater than expected quantities of the more hydrophihc pesticides [44]. 

Ross, S.M., McManus, I.C., Harrison, V., et al, 2013. Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides a systematic and meta-analytic review. Crit. Rev. Toxicol 43 (1), 21-44. 

A review of the effects of low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides on fetal and childhood health. Institute for Environment and Health, Leicester, 2002. 

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