Persulfate, ammonium potassium

Bleaches of the simple ammoniacal peroxide type give limited lightening, which can be increased with bleach accelerators or boosters, including one or more per salts such as ammonium, potassium, or sodium persulfate or their combinations. These salts, which are susceptible to decomposition in aqueous solution, are packaged as dry powders and added just before use. In the absence of hydrogen peroxide, however, persulfates do not have any bleaching effect (41). 

In this study, mechanical properties of emulsion copolymers of viityl acetate and butyl aciylate, which consisted of a nonionic emulsifier (30 mol ethoxylated nottyl-phenol), an oligomeric stabilizator, and ammonium persulfate or potassium persulfate as initiators by changing monomer ratios from 90 10 to 10 90 for VAc BuA, were determined by differential scanning calorimeter. 

PNIPAAm has been synthesized from N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) by a variety of techniques, the most widely used being free-radical initiation of organic solutions [147] and redox initiation in aqueous media [148]. Redox polymerization of NIPAAm in aqueous media typically uses ammonium persulfate or potassium persulfate as the initiator and either sodium metabisulfite or N,N,N N -tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) as the accelerator. In addition, the solutions are usually buffered to constant pH since in the absence of buffer much greater polydispersity is obtained. Whether one polymerizes NIPAAm in organic or aqueous solution also affects polymer properties [149]. 

Aluminum acetate Aluminum caprylate Aluminum distearate Aluminum myristates/palmitates Aluminum stearate Aluminum tristearate N-2-Aminoethyl-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane Aminoethylethanolamine Aminomethyl propanol Aminopropyltriethoxysilane Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane Ammonium benzoate Ammonium borate Ammonium citrate dibasic Ammonium laureth sulfate Ammonium laureth-5 sulfate Ammonium laureth-7 sulfate Ammonium laureth-12 sulfate Ammonium laureth-30 sulfate Ammonium lauryl sulfate Ammonium maleic anhydride/diisobutylene copolymer Ammonium oleate Ammonium persulfate Ammonium polyacrylate Ammonium potassium hydrogen phosphate Ammonium stearate Ammonium sulfamate Ammonium thiocyanate Ammonium thiosulfate Amyl acetate Antimony trioxide Asbestos Asphalt Azelaic acid 2,2 -Azobisisobutyronitrile Barium acetate Barium peroxide Barium sulfatej Bentonite Benzalkonium chloride Benzene Benzethonium chloride Benzothiazyl disulfide Benzoyl peroxide Benzyl alcohol Benzyl benzoate 1,3-Bis (2-benzothiazolylmercaptomethyl) urea 1,2-Bis (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoyl) hydrazine 4,4 -Bis (a,a-dimethylbenzyl) diphenylamine Bisphenol A Bis (trichloromethyl) sulfone Boric acid 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol 1,4-Butanediol Butoxydiglycol Butoxyethanol Butoxyethanol acetate n-Butyl acetate Butyl acetyl ricinoleate Butyl alcohol Butyl benzoate Butyl benzyl phthalate Butyidecyl phthalate Butylene glycol t-Butyl hydroperoxide... 

Calcium carbonate, allantoin, aluminum fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, sodium fluorosilicate Potassium chlorate, potassium bromate, potassium persulfate Ammonium sulfite, formaldehyde, propionic acid, formic acid Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ethane, propane... 

CIR Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of ammonium, potassium, and sodium persulfates. Int J Toxicol. 2001 20 Suppl 3 3-21. 

Chemistry. Ammonium, potassium, and persulfates are stable salts of persulfuric acid (H2S2O8). When these salts are dissolved in water, the persulfate ion (8208 ") is formed. It is the most powerful oxidant of the commonly used peroxy compounds. During copper etching, persulfate oxidizes metalhc copper to cupric ion as shown ... 

Ferguson et al. [27] explored how to prepare latex particles with a core/ shell (polystyrene/polyvinyl acetate) structure. A variety of initiators including potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, 2,2 -azobisisobutyronitrile,... 

FP of several reartive monomers can be performed in high boiling point solvents. Acrylamide polymerization will propagate in water (with some vaporization of water), in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and in dimethyl formamide (DMF) with several initiators, including sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, and benzoyl peroxide. Interestingly, no gas bubbles are observed with acrylamide/persulfate in DMSO. (The persulfates do not produce volatile side products.) Several other monomers also work in these solvents, including acrylic acid, sodium methacrylate, and zinc dimethaaylate. ... 

The most common water-soluble initiators are ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, and hydrogen peroxide. These can be made to decompose by high temperature or through redox reactions. The latter method offers versatility in choosing the temperature of polymerization with —50 to 70°C possible. A typical redox system combines a persulfate with ferrous ion ... 

Peroxodisulfates. The salts of peroxodisulfuric acid are commonly called persulfates, three of which are made on a commercial scale ammonium peroxodisulfate [7727-54-0] (NH4)2S20g potassium peroxodisulfate [7727-21-1] K2S20g and sodium peroxodisulfate [7775-27-1] Na2S20g. The peroxodisulfates are all colorless, crystalline soHds, stable under dry conditions at ambient temperature but unstable above 60°C. 

The most suitable oxidizing agent is potassium ferricyanide, but ferric chloride, hydrogen peroxide ia the presence of ferrous salts, ammonium persulfate, lead dioxide, lead tetraacetate or chromate, or silver and cupric salts may be useful. Water mixed, eg, with methanol, dimethylformamide, or glycol ethers, is employed as reaction medium. 

MMA onto cellulose was carried out by Hecker de Carvalho and Alfred using ammonium and potassium persulfates as radical initiators [30]. Radical initiators such as H2O2, BPO dicumylperoxide, TBHP, etc. have also been used successfully for grafting vinyl monomers onto hydrocarbon backbones, such as polypropylene and polyethylene. The general mechanism seems to be that when the polymer is exposed to vinyl monomers in the presence of peroxide under conditions that permit decomposition of the peroxide to free radicals, the monomer becomes attached to the backbone of the polymer and pendant chains of vinyl monomers are grown on the active sites. The basic mechanism involves abstraction of a hydrogen from the polymer to form a free radical to which monomer adds ... 

Normally, persulfate (41) can only be used to initiate polymerization in aqueous or part aqueous (emulsion) media because it has poor solubility in most organic solvents and monomers. However, it has been reported that polymerizations in organic solvent may be initiated by crown ether complexes of potassium persulfate.234 237 Quaternary ammonium persulfates can also serve as useful initiators in organic media. 4 The rates of decomposition of both the crown ether complexes and the quaternary ammonium salts appear dramatically... 

An account of a serious warehouse explosion (15 dead, 141 injured). The two principal detonations were mostly due to ammonium nitrate, of which some hundred tonnes had been present, but the initiating fire was first observed in ammonium persulfate. This had been promiscuously stored alongside potassium permanganate, matches, potassium nitrate and sodium sulphide (or possibly sulphite), inter alia. None of these would improve the safety of ammonium persulfate. It was shown that the persulphate gives an immediate exothermic reaction with the sulphide. This was ascribed as the ultimate initiation. It was concluded that oxidants and... 

Rasmussen and co-workers. Chapter 10, have shown that many free-radical polymerizations can be conducted in two-phase systems using potassium persulfate and either crown ethers or quaternary ammonium salts as initiators. When transferred to the organic phase persulfate performs far more efficiently as an initiator than conventional materials such as azobisisobutyronitrile or benzoyl peroxide. In vinyl polymerizations using PTC-persulfate initiation one can exercise precise control over reaction rates, even at low temperatures. Mechanistic aspects of these complicated systems have been worked out for this highly useful and economical method of initiation of free-radical polymerizations. 

In 1981 we reported (2, 3) the first examples of free radical polymerizations under phase transfer conditions. Utilizing potassium persulfate and a phase transfer catalyst (e.g. a crown ether or quaternary ammonium salt), we found the solution polymerization of acrylic monomers to be much more facile than when common organic-soluble initiators were used. Somewhat earlier, Voronkov and coworkers had reported (4) that the 1 2 potassium persulfate/18-crown-6 complex could be used to polymerize styrene and methyl methacrylate in methanol. These relatively inefficient polymerizations were apparently conducted under homogeneous conditions, although exact details were somewhat unclear. We subsequently described (5) the... 

Polymerization of butyl acrylate was also studied by us in ethyl acetate/water two phase systems (3) using potassium persulfate/quaternary ammonium salts as the initiator system. Under these conditions (a minimum amount of water was used to dissolve the persulfate), it was found that symmetrical quat salts were more efficient than surfactant type quat salts. Also, the more lipophilic quat salts were more efficient. These results prompted us to propose formation of an organic-soluble quaternary ammonium persulfate via typical phase transfer processes. 

Until recently, the most detailed kinetic investigations of phase transfer free radical polymerizations were those of Jayakrishnan and Shah (11, 12). Both of these studies have been conducted in two phase aqueous/organic solvent mixtures with either potassium or ammonium persulfate as the initiator, and have corroborated our earlier conclusions (2, 3)... 

Wet oxidation Several types of liquid-phase oxidizing agents, such as nitric acid, acidic potassium permanganate, acidic potassium dichromate, dichromate permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, ammonium bicarbonate and potassium persulfate, have... 

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