Persulfate, oxidation

Silver(II) Oxide. Silver(II) oxide [1301 -96-8, 35366-11-1], AgO, is prepared by persulfate oxidation of Ag20 in basic medium at 90°C or by the... 

PHMB is very toxic to fish and aquatic life. It is moreover irritating to skin and may cause sensitization by skin contact. It can cause irritation to the eyes, nose and respiratory tract. The PHMB is not compatible with most common swimming pool chemicals. Not compatible with chlorine and chlorinated chemicals and bromine donors. Not compatible with ionic sterilizers, copper based QAC-algicides, anionic detergents, water softening chemicals, persulfate oxidants etc. The defence of the inventors of PHMB is that one should not combine it with other biocides because it should be a bactericide/algicide. But the algicidal properties of PHMB are very weak in brochures and manuals the dose is 200 ppm. 

Figure 10.2. Persulfate oxidation of 2,2 -azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS2).

Photo-oxidation was seen as a possible route to a total phosphorus method. Again, early work on the method was done by Armstrong et al. [15] and Armstrong and Tibbitts [36]. Grasshoff [37] adapted the method to continuous automatic analysis a variation on this method is considered the standard method for automatic analysis today [18]. Bikbulatov [38], on the other hand, feels that such important phosphorus compounds as ATP and DI are not completely decomposed by ultraviolet irradiation and that persulfate oxidation gives better results. 

Williams [81,84] found that a high-energy ultraviolet oxidation method gave dissolved organic carbon results for seawater samples that were higher than those obtained by the wet persulfate oxidation method described by Menzel and Vaccaro [46]. Other variations on the method have been published. 

The versions of the persulfate oxidation methods used at present yield results that are lower than those obtained using the dry combustion or photooxidation techniques (Table 11.2). Close agreement between the persulfate and other methods is obtained when the analyses are carried out on freshwater rather than seawater samples. If the persulfate oxidation procedure is to be retained as a method for seawater analysis, serious consideration should be given to abandoning the present batchwise procedure in favour of an automated procedure. 

Koroleff, F. (1970) Determination of Total Phosphorus in Natural Waters by Means of Persulfate Oxidation. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), Report No. 3. 

The 2 -isomer is best formed by persulfate oxidation of 2-amino anthraquinone [Kirk Othmer 7 (1947), 9551... 

Oxidized Starches. Alkaline hypochlorite treatment introduces carboxyl and carbonyl groups, effects some depolymerization, and produces whiter (bleached) products that produce softer, clearer gels. Ammonium persulfate is used in some paper mills with continuous thermal cookers to prepare in situ bigb solids, low viscosity dispersions. Most of the hypochlorite-oxidized starch and all the ammonium persulfate-oxidized starch is used in the paper industry. The low solution viscosity and good binding and adhesive properties of these products make them especially effective in high solids, pigmented... 

The persulfate ion S2OI-, with or without various transition metal ions, is a particularly effective oxidant, especially for the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids.535 In the presence of silver(I), persulfate oxidation to silver(II) readily occurs and for aliphatic carboxylic acids the decarboxylation mechanism given in Scheme 4 has been established. The aliphatic radicals produced may then disproportionate, abstract hydrogen or be further oxidized to an alcohol. In... 

Nuclear597 or side-chain588,598 acetoxylation of arenes can be performed with good yields by persulfate and copper(II) salts in acetic acid (equations 268 and 269). As previously shown for cyclohexene (equation 263), persulfate oxidizes the aromatic ring to a radical cation which loses a proton to give a carbon radical, which is further oxidized by copper(II) acetate to the final acetoxylated product. 

Sharp, J. H. (1973) Total organic carbon in seawater—Comparison of measurements using persulfate oxidation and high temperature combustion. Mar. Chem. 1, 211-229. 

Cuypers, C., Grotenhuis,T.,Nierop, K. G. J.,Franco, E. M., de Jager, A., and Rulkens, W. (2002). Amorphous and condensed organic matter domains the effect of persulfate oxidation on the composition of soil/sediment organic matter. Chemosphere 48(9), 919-931. 

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