Sodium persulfate

Water-soluble peroxide salts, such as ammonium or sodium persulfate, are the usual initiators. The initiating species is the sulfate radical anion generated from either the thermal or redox cleavage of the persulfate anion. The thermal dissociation of the persulfate anion, which is a first-order process at constant temperature (106), can be greatly accelerated by the addition of certain reducing agents or small amounts of polyvalent metal salts, or both (87). By using redox initiator systems, rapid polymerizations are possible at much lower temperatures (25—60°C) than are practical with a thermally initiated system (75—90°C). 

Bleaches of the simple ammoniacal peroxide type give limited lightening, which can be increased with bleach accelerators or boosters, including one or more per salts such as ammonium, potassium, or sodium persulfate or their combinations. These salts, which are susceptible to decomposition in aqueous solution, are packaged as dry powders and added just before use. In the absence of hydrogen peroxide, however, persulfates do not have any bleaching effect (41). 

Synthetic rubber latex was made by a process with a large and hazardous inventory of butadiene and styrene. In a modified process, the reactor has an initial charge of water and emulsifier. Also, the monomers are added to the reactor as one premixed stream and the emulsified aqueous sodium persulfate is added as the other stream. The improved scheme, discussed by Englund (1991a) contains less hazardous material and at a lower, more controllable temperature. It illustrates that large and established processes may be made safer by applying inherent safety. 

In another nonelectrolytic process, arylacetic acids are converted to vi c-diaryl compounds 2A1CR2COOH —> ArCR2CR2Ar by treatment with sodium persulfate (Na2S20g) and a catalytic amount of AgNOs." Both of these reactions involve dimerization of free radicals. In still another process, electron-deficient aromatic acyl chlorides are dimerized to biaryls (2 ArCOCl —> ArAr) by treatment with a disilane RsSiSiRs and a palladium catalyst." " ... 

Sodium perborate monohydrate Sodium perborate tetrahydrate Sodium percarbonate Sodium perchlorate Sodium perchlorate monohydrate Sodium permanganate Sodium peroxide Sodium persulfate Strontium chlorate Strontium perchlorate Strontium peroxide Tetranitromethane Thallium chlorate Trichloro-s-triazinetrione (trichloroisocyanuric) (acid all forms)... 

Teledyne Commodore Fluid-jet cutting access and drain agent wash out energetics with ammonia. Solvated electron process in ammonia for reduction chemical oxidation with sodium persulfate. Solvated electron process in ammonia for reduction chemical oxidation with sodium persulfate. Wash in solvated electron solution oxidation to 3X C ship to Rock Island Arsenal for 5X treatment. Crushed or shredded treated in solvated electron solution shipped to landfill. 

Haas) and I(-( hydroxymethyl)acrylamlde (IJ-methylol acrylamide, American Cyanamld) were used without purification. Acetonitrile was dried over molecular sieves (4A) and distilled prior to use. Ethanolamlne and l-amlno-2-propanol were vacuum distilled. Reagent grade acryloyl chloride, 2-propanol, and sodium persulfate were used as received. 

Marchand and co-workers reported a synthetic route to TNAZ (18) involving a novel electrophilic addition of NO+ NO2 across the highly strained C(3)-N bond of 3-(bromomethyl)-l-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane (21), the latter prepared as a nonisolatable intermediate from the reaction of the bromide salt of tris(bromomethyl)methylamine (20) with aqueous sodium hydroxide under reduced pressure. The product of this reaction, A-nitroso-3-bromomethyl-3-nitroazetidine (22), is formed in 10% yield but is also accompanied by A-nitroso-3-bromomethyl-3-hydroxyazetidine as a by-product. Isolation of (22) from this mixture, followed by treatment with a solution of nitric acid in trifluoroacetic anhydride, leads to nitrolysis of the ferf-butyl group and yields (23). Treatment of (23) with sodium bicarbonate and sodium iodide in DMSO leads to hydrolysis of the bromomethyl group and the formation of (24). The synthesis of TNAZ (18) is completed by deformylation of (24), followed by oxidative nitration, both processes achieved in one pot with an alkaline solution of sodium nitrite, potassium ferricyanide and sodium persulfate. This route to TNAZ gives a low overall yield and is not suitable for large scale manufacture. 

In the polymerization of acrylic monomers by bulk, suspension, or in organic solution, the most common initiators are diacyl peroxide (e.g., dibenzoyl peroxide supplied as a paste in water) or azo compounds (e.g., 2,2 -azobisisobutyronitrile). For emulsion or aqueous solution polymerizations, sodium persulfate by itself or in combination with bisulfites or a host of other reducing agents may be used. 

The thermal initiator system. This system is made up of water-soluble materials that produce free radicals at a certain temperature to initiate polymerization. The most commonly used i materials for such thermal emulsion polymerizations are potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate, or ammonium persulfate. 

While stirring, add 200 g of inhibitor-free ethyl acrylate, 4 ml of the ferrous sulfate solution, and 1 g of sodium persulfate through the open neck of the kettle. 

Water (28 g) and polyoxyethylene phenyl ether sulfuric acid ester emulsifier (0.08 g) were added to a 300-ml flask and heated to 85°C while stirring. This solution was then treated with a mixture of the step 4 product (6.3 g), methyl methacrylate (41.6 g), styrene (14 g), butyl acrylate (23.5 g), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (14.6 g), water (51.6 g), polyoxyethylene phenyl ether sulfuric acid ester emulsifier (6.6 g), and 0.3 g of sodium persulfate over 4 hours. Thereafter, a mixture of water (5.2 g) and ammonium persulfate (0.1 g) were added over 30 minutes and the mixture stirred for an additional 2 hours. It was then cooled to ambient temperature and a white resin isolated, which consisted of 52% solids with a polymerization conversion of 99%. 

Characterization of the polymer indicates that an application of sodium dodecyl sulfonate as anionic surfactant and sodium persulfate as initiator for both stages leads to a hemisphere particle... 

In contrast, raspberry and core shell structures are formed when in both stages a non ionic surfactant, i.e., nonylphenol ethoxylated poly(ethylene glycol) and sodium persulfate are used. 

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