Ammonium benzoate formation

Many of these salts melt or sublime before or during decomposition and reaction temperatures generally increase with molar mass. Thermal analyses for a selection of ammonium carboxylates have been given by Erdey et al. [915] who conclude that the base strength of the anion increases with temperature until it reaches that of NH3. Decompositions of ammonium acetate (>333 K) and ammonium oxalate (>473 K) proceed through amide formation. Ammonium benzoate and ammonium salicylate sublime (>373 K) without decomposition but ammonium citrate decomposes (>423 K) to yield some residual carbon. 

Ammonium acetates, 2 711-712 Ammonium alum calcination, 2 395 neutralization, 2 430 Ammonium benzoate, 3 634 Ammonium bicarbonate, 2 712-713 Ammonium bifluoride, 2 717-718 Ammonium bisulfate formation, 10 98 Ammonium bromide, 2 714... 

Synonym Ammonia Water Amfbnioformaldehyde Ammonium Acetate Ammonium Acid Fluoride Ammonium Amidosulfonate Ammonium Amidosulphate Ammonium Benzoate Ammonium Bicarbonate Ammonium Bichromate Ammonium Bifluoride Ammonium Carbonate Ammonium Chloride Ammonium Citrate Ammonium Citrate, Dibasic Ammonium Decaborate Octahydrate Ammonium Dichromate Ammonium Disulfate-Nickelate (II) Ammonium Ferric Citrate Ammonium Ferric Oxalate Trihydrate Ammonium Ferrous Sulfate Ammonium Fluoride Ammonium Fluosilicate Ammonium Formate Ammonium Gluconate Ammonium Hydrogen Carbonate Ammonium Hydrogen Fluoride Ammonium Hydrogen Sulfide Solution Ammonium Hydroxide Ammonium Hypo Ammonium Hyposulfite Ammonium Iodide Ammonium Iron Sulfate Ammonium Lactate Ammonium Lactate Syrup Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate Ammonium Molybdate Ammonium Muriate Ammonium Nickel Sulfate Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Nitrate-Urea Solution Ammonium Oleate... 

There are several reports in the literature of tertiary amine catalysis of reactions which appear to be of the phase transfer type. The first such example is the reaction of potassium benzoate with benzyl chloride to give benzyl benzoate, reported in a German patent issued in 1913 to be catalyzed by triethylamine [26]. Merker and Scott in 1961 utilized in situ quaternary ammonium carboxylate formation to facilitate the same esterification reaction [27]. Hennis and coworkers rediscovered and clarified amine catalysis in the reaction of benzyl chloride with potassium acetate... 

The nucleophile catalysis mechanism for benzoate formation depieted in Scheme 10.2 involves a first step produeing an intermediate aeyl ammonium salt and a seeond step in whieh the salt reaets with the phenol to form the ester. As a general rule for the kinetie study of eomplex reactions, we can make some assumptions to... 

Many other miscellaneous additions of alcohols have been described. Polar addition of methanol to 2//-pyrroles264 and to azepines265 has been observed. Photoaddition of methanol to the 1,3,4-oxadiazole 320 is followed by cycloelimination of methyl benzoate (321) to give the ylid 322.266 An adduct (323) of the ylid and the 1,3,4-oxadiazole has been isolated. Photoaddition of methanol to the quaternary ammonium salt 324 results in ring expansion and the formation of the azonine 325.267... 

The effect of structural variation and the use of different caboxylate salts as cocatalysts was investigated by Pietikainen . The epoxidation reactions were performed with the chiral Mn(III)-salen complexes 173 depicted in Scheme 93 using H2O2 or urea hydrogen peroxide as oxidants and unfunctionalized alkenes as substrates. With several soluble carboxylate salts as additives, like ammonium acetate, ammonium formate, sodium acetate and sodium benzoate, good yields (62-73%) and moderate enantioselectivities (ee 61-69%) were obtained in the asymmetric epoxidation of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene. The results were better than with Ai-heterocycles like Ai-methylimidazole, ferf-butylpyridine. 

The particularly good activity against protein kinases of a-aminoquinazoline derivatives is borne out by their activity against both in vitro and in vivo models of human tumors. The examples that follow are but two of a number of compounds from this structural class that have emerged from the focus that has been devoted to this stmctural class. Nitration of the benzoate (78-1) with nitric acid affords the nitro derivative. Hydrogenation converts this to the anthrandate (78-2). In one of the standard conditions for forming quinazolones, that intermediate is then treated with ammonium formate to yield the heterocycle (78-3). Reaction of this last product with phosphorus oxychloride leads to the corresponding enol chloride (78-4). Condensation of this last intermediate with meta-iodoanUine (78-5) leads to displacement of chlorine and the consequent formation of the aminoquinazoline... 

Preservatives such as sodium benzoate, sorbic acid, and methyl and propyl parabens have been used in liquid and semisolid dosage forms. There have been reports that the parabens have been inactivated when used in the presence of various surfactants. This loss of activity was thought to be due to the formation of complexes between the preservative and the surfactant. The interaction between polysorbate (Tween) 80 and the parabens has been demonstrated by a dialysis technique (Ravin and Radebaugh, 1990). It has also been shown that molecular complexes form when the parabens are mixed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and methylcellulose. The degree of binding was less than that observed with Tween 80. Sorbic acid also interacts with Tweens but does not interact with PEGs. The quaternary ammonium compounds are also bound by Tween 80, which reduces their preservative activity. 

C—C—O—C+N. The formation of oxazoles from a-acyloxy ketones and ammonium salts was discovered in 1937 when it was found that treatment of benzoin benzoate with ammonium acetate in hot acetic acid gave triphenyloxazole in excellent yield. It has been shown that the reaction proceeds by way of intermediate enamines (equation 113). The synthesis is quite general and it is only.limited by the difficulty of obtaining the starting keto esters, particularly formates. The latter are probably intermediates in the preparation of cycloalkenooxazoles from acyloins and formamide in hot sulfuric acid (equation 114). Another variation is to heat a mixture of an a-bromo ketone, the sodium salt of a carboxylic acid and ammonium acetate in acetic acid (equation 115). 

The heating of 2-(acylamino)benzoic acids or their alkyl esters with alcoholic ammonia or of ammonium 2-(acylamino)benzoates 5 results in reasonable yields of quinazolin-4(3/F)-ones 6. The reaction probably involves the initial formation of a 2-(acylamino)benzamide which is not... 

Flash rusting is the phenomenon of formation of small brown rust spots that appear very soon after application of waterbased systems directly to steel. The problem is more prominent when the steel surface is active (for example, after blasting) and the pH is <7. To combat this problem, flash-rust inhibitors are added to waterbased coatings. They should have good water solubility. Flat surfaces are relatively easy to protect, while weld areas are considered difficult. Flash-rust inhibition at a weld area can be achieved by a combination of different products. Flash-rust inhibitors are typically based on ammonium and sodium nitrites, benzoates, metaborates and phosphates, occasionally in combination with materials such as morpholine and amino methyl propanol. Some other organic salts are also used, such as amine salts of 2-mercaptobenzothiazolyl succinic acid and calcium or barium salts of linear alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acids. Typically they are used at levels of 0.1 to 1.0 % of the total mass of paint. They also help in preventing in-can corrosion upon storage of aqueous paint. 

Mmakami et al. [120] and Niwa et al. [121] investigated the reaction mechanism of ammoxidation by FTIR spectroscopy using V Oj/Al Oj catalysts. They claim that the reaction proceeds via interaction of ammonium ions with surface benzoate ions. Cavalli et al. [5, 122] and Busca et al. [123] proposed benzyl amine and benzaldehyde species as reaction intermediates in the ammoxidation of toluene over V Oj/TiO catalysts. Otamiri and Andersson [124] proposed vanadium imido species (V=NH) and vanadium hydroxylami-no species (V-NH-OH) as nitrogen insertion sites in V Oj catalysts. These species in turn react with adsorbed toluene to form an amine (R-CH -NH ) and/or imine (R-CH=NH) surface intermediate, which subsequently transform into nitrile as a final product. A mechanism proposed by Sanati and Andersson [125] includes (CgHj)CH(NH2)0- and (CgHj)CH(NH2)(0-)2 species as reaction intermediates. Ramis et al. [126] reported the formation of amido... 

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