Sodium methacrylate

A direct method for obtaining a sodium ionomer by polymerizing a mixture of ethylene, sodium methacrylate, and methacrylic acid has been described (30). 

As an indication of the changes in deformation modes that can be produced in ionomers by increase of ion content, consider poly(styrene-co-sodium methacrylate). In ionomers of low ion content, the only observed deformation mode in strained thin films cast from tetra hydrofuran (THF), a nonpolar solvent, is localized crazing. But for ion contents near to or above the critical value of about 6 mol%, both crazing and shear deformation bands have been observed. This is demonstrated in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) scan of Fig. 3 for an ionomer of 8.2 mol% ion content. Somewhat similar deformation patterns have also been observed in a Na-SPS ionomer having an ion content of 7.5 mol%. Clearly, in both of these ionomers, the presence of a... 

Figure 3 TEM micrograph of a deformed thin film of an 8.2 mol% poly(styrene-co-sodium methacrylate) ionomer cast from THE.

Highly branched poly(methacryhc acid) was synthesized by SCVCP of tert-butyl methacrylate with the inimer 12 via GTP, followed by hydrolysis [28]. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the ferf-butyl groups and neutralization with NaOH produced a water-soluble, highly branched poly(sodium methacrylate). 

Acrylamide copolymers designed to reduce undesired amide group hydrolysis, increase thermal stability, and improve solubility in saline media have been synthesized and studied for EOR applications. These polymers still tend to be shear sensitive. Acrylamide comonomers that have been used include 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate, abbreviated AMPS, (1,321-324), 2-sulfo-ethylmethacrylate (325,326), diacetone acrylamide (324, 326), and vinylpyrrolidinone (327,328). Acrylamide terpolymers include those with sodium acrylate and acrylamido-N-dodecyl-N-butyl sulfonate (329), with AMPS and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (330), with AMPS and N-vinylpyrrolidinone (331), and with sodium acrylate and sodium methacrylate (332). While most copolymers tested have been random copolymers, block copolymers of acrylamide and AMPS also have utility in this application (333). 

We have recently evaluated the ATRP of a wide range of hydrophilic monomers such as 2-sulfatoethyl methacrylate (SEM), sodium 4-vinylbenzoate (NaVBA), sodium methacrylate (NaMAA), 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMA), 2-(iV-morpholino)ethyl methacrylate (MEMA), 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEA), oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEGMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), glycerol monomethacrylate (GMA), 2-methacryl-oyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), and a carboxybetaine-based methacrylate [CBMA]. Their chemical structures and literature references (which contain appropriate experimental details) are summarised in Table 1. 

Thermally reversible gels based on NIPA polymers and copolymers of N,N-diethylacrylamide and sodium methacrylate collapsed abruptly upon heating at 33 °C and 55 °C, respectively [69]. These materials could be used in separation processes. Collapsed gel samples were added to a solution which contained a protein or other macromolecule and various small solutes. The gel... 

AA BAA CMC CPB CTAB DM SO IPC MVPQ PAA PDADMAB PEG PIPAA SDS SMA TEMED acrylamide methylene bisacrylamide critical micelle concentration cetylpyridinium bromide cetyltrimethylammonium bromide dimethylsulfoxide interpolymer complex methylvinylpiridine units quaternized by dimethyl sulfate poly(acrylamide) poly(diallyldimethylammonium bromide) polyethylene glycol) poly(isopropylacrylamide) sodium dodecyl sulfate sodium methacrylate tetramethylethylenediamine... 

In the course of further investigations, charged groups were specially incorporated into PAA networks by copolymerization of acrylamide (AA) with sodium methacrylate (SMA) [10] and also with IV-acryloylsuccinimide, which is easily hydrolyzed in an aqueous medium [11]. Later, the networks of PAA containing cationic ammonium groups [12-14] and quaternized pyridine groups [15] were investigated. 

In principle, all the molecular parameters in Eq. (6) can be determined independently, so that the theory can be quantitatively compared with experimental data. An example of Maxwell s construction in the dependence of x °n critical value of interaction parameter %c of charged PAAm network with the degree of ionization equals to the molar fraction of the sodium methacrylate in the chain i = xMNa = 0.012 are given in Fig. 4 (data of series D from Fig. 5). The compositions of the phases

critical value of Xc were determined by the condition that areas St and S2 defined in Fig. 4 are equal The experimental (p2e is higher and 2 determined by Maxwell s construction (Eq. 13). Thus, the experimental values of (p2e and metastable region the limits of which (p2s and (p2s are determined by the spinodal condition (two values

[Pg.182]

Fig. 5. Dependence of the swelling ratio X and modulus G (gem-2) on the acetone content a (vol %) for poty(acrylamide/sodium methacrylate) networks A-F in the mixture acetone-water. The molar fractions x, = 0, 0.004, 0.008, 0.012, 0.016 and 0.024 for series A,B,C,D.E and F, respectively (O) X ( ) G. From Ref. [11]...

Fig. 6. Dependence of the extent of the collapse A and of the critical value of the interaction parameter yc on the content of sodium methacrylate xMNj (—) course determined by Maxwell s construction of data from Fig. 5 (O), ( ) experimental data. Taken from Ilavsky [11]...

Fig. 8. Dependence of the correction factor 4> °n mole fractions of sodium methacrylate xMNa, of COO ions xcoo- and of salt I, x, respectively ( ) copolymers of A Am and MNa, (O) variously aged samples of PAAm, (O) copolymers of A Am and salt I. From Ref. [13]. ...

Fig. 9. Dependence of the extent of the collapse A and critical values of the interaction parameter Xc on the effective degree of ionization for networks of the copolymer AAm with sodium methacrylate xMN> ( ) variously aged PAAm networks

Due to the possible preferential sorption of one solvent component, it is a disadvantage to use a mixed solvent to produce the collapse of ionized PAAm networks. Therefore, we have measured also ionized poly (A, N -diethylacryl-amide) (PDEAAm) gels for which the phase transition can be induced by a temperature change in pure water [16]. The networks (A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H) were prepared [18] by copolymerization erf DEAAm with sodium methacrylate (mole fraction xMNa = 0,0.0045,0.0095,0.0157,0.0234,0.0310,0.0432 and 0.0667) in the presence of 93 vol % of water ([Pg.189]

Fig. 10. Temperature dependence of swelling ratio X and modulus G (g cm 2) for the poly(N,N -diethylacrylamide/sodium methacrylate) gels in water. The networks A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H were prepared with molar fractions xMNa = 0, 0.0045, 0.0095, 0.0157, 0.0234, 0.0310, 0.0432 and 0.0667, respectively (O) X values, ( ) G values. From Ilavsky et al. [18]...

Fig. 12. Dependence of the A log X and of the critical acetone concentration at collapse ac on the mole fraction of salts xs (O) networks with salt I, ( ) networks with salt II, (A) networks with salt III, (A) networks with salt IV, ( ) networks of copolymers AAm with sodium methacrylate. Taken from Ret [48]...

In this experiment, crosslinked poly(acrylamide-co-sodium methacrylate) (0.5-5.0mol% sodium methacrylate) gel cylinders of different radii in the... 

Fig. 8, Examples of a least squares fit of a shrinking core model to measurements of moving ion exchange fronts which develop within the acidic form of poly(acrylamide-co-sodium methacrylate) gel cylinders of different radii when immersed in pH 12 NaOH solution. Legend All gels were made from a solution containing 1 mol % of solution methacrylate A = 1.8 mm radius B = 2.8 mm C = 4.2 mm D = 6.4 mm. Reprinted with permission from [127]. Copyright [1992] American Chemical Society...

To dearly distinguish between these two modes of solvent penetration of the gel, we immersed poly(acrylamide-co-sodium methacrylate) gels swollen with water and equilibrated with either pH 4.0 HQ or pH 9.2 NaOH solution into limited volumes of solutions of 10 wt % deuterium oxide (DzO) in water at the same pHs. By measuring the decline in density of the solution with time using a densitometer, we extracted the diffusion coefficient of D20 into the gel using a least squares curve fit of the exact solution for this diffusion problem to the data [121,149]. The curve fit in each case was excellent, and the diffusion coefficients obtained were 2.3 x 10 5cm2/s into the ionized pH 9.2 gel and 2.4 x 10 5 cm2/s into the nonionized pH 4.0 gel. These compare favorably with the self diffusion coefficient of D20, which is 2.6 x 10 5 cm2/s, since the presence of the polymer can be expected to reduce the diffusion coefficient about 10% in these cases [150], In short, these experiments show that individual solvent molecules can rapidly redistribute between the solution and the gel by a Fickian diffusion process with diffusion coefficients slightly less than in the free solution. 

Fig. 17. Vitamin B12 diffusion coefficients vs polyfacrylamide-co-sodium methacrylate) gel swelling. The variation is that expected from free volume theories. Reprinted with permission from Chemical Engineering Science, 44,...

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