Personal Safety Rate

In the field of public health, the assessment of the extent of any given disease is its prevalence in the society in question. The debate again arises as to whether the absolute number should be the key prevalence measure or the rate of incidence per unit population, usually expressed per 100,000 persons. The WHO regularly publishes its estimates of the global burden of disease, both to provide benchmarks for comparison and to set priorities for international intervention efforts.  

This rate of death per population is particularly concerning when we realise that the growth in motorisation in many of the low- and middle-income countries is rapid and has much further to progress before reaching saturation. Further, these countries include the majority of the most heavily populated nations on earth (China, India, and Indonesia). 

Between 2000 and 2020, in low- and middle-income countries, it is predicted that the number of fatalities will increase by more than 80%, while there is expected to be a further decrease of nearly 30% in high-income countries. Specific estimations by region and the contrast with the aggregate estimate, for high-income countries, are set out in Table 3.4. 

The WHO has estimated that by 2030, road traffic injuries will be the fifth highest contributor to cause of death internationally, up from ninth in 2004. Of note is the prediction, in a separate study, that road deaths will be the leading cause of health losses for children (age 5-14) by 2015, and the second cause for men by 2030. Given that younger members of the community are overrepresented in serious road traffic injuries, the future productive time lost due to road traffic injuries, compared with that lost now due to the current highest causes of death—cardiovascular or 

WHO Region High Income Middle Income per 100,000 Population Low Income Total 

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When benchmarking, both transport safety and personal safety rates are valuable comparators but, as Table 3.2 clearly shows, must also include an examination of the trends in absolute numbers. As nations road transport systems grow and mature, there is inexorable improvement in both rates, improvement that can obscure a relative lack of improvement compared with what others achieve. 

Treatment should begin in the least restrictive setting that ensures personal safety, as it is important to maximize family involvement from the onset. In youth with SUD, family involvement increases compliance with treatment and leads to higher rates of sustained abstinence (Bergmann et ah, 1995). It is important to review with the patient and family that medication is one aspect of the treatment plan and is more likely to be effective when used in conjunction with other treatments. In addition, the clinician should also review how the medication will work, the possible side effects, and the time frame in which benefit may be expected. An informed and involved family is more likely to encourage compliance from an adolescent than one that has never met their child s treatment team. An adult caretaker and not the patient should store, administer, and monitor all prescription medications to maximize compliance and minimize the potential for abuse. 

The simplest means for maintaining the codes Is to keep a notebook listing all of the health end safety ratings and the personal protective equipment requirements. This could be the responsibility of the health and safety coordinator, the plant manager, the chief safety and health officer, or the department responsible for health and safety. In setting up such a notebook, we would recommend including the headings shown below. 

A noteworthy low personal injury rate at Texas City had been mistakenly rehed upon as a true reflection of the overall process safety performance and the health of Texas City s safety culture. 

The presence of an effective personal safety management system does not ensure the presence of an effective process safety management system. The Report of the BP US Refineries Independent Safety Review Panel (the Baker Panel report ), following the Texas City refinery explosion in 2005, found that personal injury rates were not predictive of process safety performance at five US refineries. 

A motor carrier operating a commercial motor vehicle designed or used to transport hazardous materials for which placarding is required, after receiving a final unsatisfactory safety rating. 250 up to 50,000 per offense. If the violation results in death, serious illness, or severe injury to any person or in substantial destruction of property, 105,000 per offense. Each day the transportation continues constitutes a separate offense. 

Occupational Safety and Health. OSHA has set no specific limits for sodium and potassium sibcates (88). A pmdent industrial exposure standard could range from the permissible exposure limit (PEL) for inert or nuisance particulates to the PEL for sodium hydroxide, depending on the rate of dissolution and the concentration of airborne material. Material safety data sheets issued by siUcate producers should be consulted for specific handling precautions, recommended personal protective equipment, and other important safety information. 

Coal mining has been a relatively dangerous occupation (2,91—93). During the period from 1961—1967 the average fataUty rate in the United States for each million person hours worked was 1.05. In the seven years after the passage of the Eederal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, the average fatahty rate decreased to 0.58, and by 1989 the rate was 0.25 (2). 

A third generally accepted source of values is the collection of TLVs (Threshold Limit Values) published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (9) and utilized by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Conversion of these to Dp (10) involves three factors The first is division by 7/5 (= 1.4) to convert from a normal 5-day workweek to a 7-day exposure week. The second is division by 100 this allows for exceptionally sensitive individuals, who would not normally be part of the work force, and takes into consideration the completely involuntary and unsuspected nature of the exposure. The third factor converts from TLV (expressed in mg m-3) to a total dose the breathing rate, RB, for a 70-kg person (BW = body weight) doing light work is taken as 12.1 m3/8-hr day (10). Thus,... 

Products containing ephedra were used extensively by the American public for weight loss and to enhance athletic performance. Ephedra, a stimulant similar to amphetamine, increases blood pressure and heart rate after only one dose, significantly increasing a person s risk of heart attack, stroke, and death. Because ephedra is a dietary supplement, the FDA did not review its safety or efficacy before it became available to the American public. According to law, the FDA could only prohibit the sale of the dietary supplement if it was proven to present a significant or unreasonable risk of injury. 

For this reason, NCRP recommends that emergency response personnel and first response vehicles should be equipped with radiation detection equipment to alert them for a radiologically compromised environment. Furthermore, this equipment should be designed to alert the responders when unacceptable ambient dose rates or dose limits are reached. Responders should wear appropriate personal protective equipment (e.g., chemical safety suits, respirators). 

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