Traffic - road

SI 1992/43 Road Traffic (Carnage of Dangerous Substances in Road Tankers and Tank Containers) Regulations... 

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (1985). Energy Savings and Road Traffic Management. Paris Author. 

The conveyance of LPG by road is also subject to control via a number of Regulations aimed at potentially hazardous substances. There are the Dangerous Substances (Conveyance by Road in Road Tankers and Tank Containers) Regulations 1981 and the Road Traffic (Carriage of Dangerous Substances in Packages, etc.) Regulations 1986. 

The Road Traffic (Carriage of Dangerous Substances in Packages etc.) Regulations 1986 ( PGR )... 

Figure 9.4. Relative probability of being involved in a road traffic accident with rising levels of alcohol. The shaded area indicates typical legal drink-driving limits in Westernised countries (80mg/100ml in the UK and some states of the USA, whereas lOOmg/lOOml is still the most prevalent legal level elsewhere in the USA).

Lewis D, Antoniak M, Venn A, Davies L, Goodwin A, Salfield N, Britton J and Fogarty A. 2005. Secondhand smoke, dietary food intake, road traffic exposures, and the prevalence of asthma a cross-sectional study in young children. Am J Epidemiol 161 406-411. 

The surest way to make a false prediction is to assume that current trends will continue unabated. Mathematically this is known as extrapolation. It is said that the corporation of the City of London examined the trends in traffic in the city in the year 1900. The growth in road traffic had been rapid. At the time of course almost all road traffic was horse drawn, which led to problems with the disposal of manure. If the trend continued it appeared that the manure problem would grow at such a rate that by the year 1960 the city would be 6 feet under manure. Although traffic continued to grow, road transport switched to the internal combustion engine, which ended the manure problem. 

Brief details are given of a health-based standard for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, (PAHs) in air, which has been recommended to the UK Government by the Expert Panel on Air Quality. PAHs are organic compounds which are emitted from sources such as road traffic and certain industrial processes. The Panel has recommended 0.25ng/m3 measured as an annual average, suing benzo(a)pyrene as an indicator of the PAH mixture typically found in the air. 

Another issue is local air pollution, which is also linked to fossil-fuel combustion, not least in the transport sector. Especially in the world s growing megacities, road traffic has an increasingly negative impact on urban air quality (see also Chapter 19). 

Lower respiratory infections Road traffic accidents... 

If the risk of death from a road traffic accident is taken as some sort of gold standard then we have to assume that most people are willing to accept a 1 in 10000 chance of death in a single year, or 1 in 300 over a lifetime without great concern. So how does this picture match up with people s view of medicines ... 

BarbeyJT, Roose SP (1998) SSRI safety in overdose. J Clin Psychiatry 59 Suppl 15 42-48 Barbone F, McMahon AD, Davey PG, Morris AD, Reid IC, McDevitt DG, MacDonald TM (1998) Association of road-traffic accidents with benzodiazepine use. Lancet 352 1331-1336... 

CEC (Commission of the European Communities), Environment and Quality of Life, CORINAIR Working Group on Emission Factors for Calculating 1985 Emissions for Road Traffic, Vol. 1 Methodology and Emission Factors, Final Report, EUR 12260 EN, 1989. 

The reasons for the non-attainment of the PM10 limit values were also stated in the notifications of time extensions. In most cases, it was stated that non-attainment by 2005 could be attributed inter alia to a delay in the implementation of measures, or certain measures leading to a lower level of emission reductions than expected. An increase in road traffic is stated as a reason for non-attainment especially in eastern European countries. An increase of primary NO2 emissions due to an increasing share of diesel vehicles has been reported e.g. by France, Germany, Italy and UK. 

In all cities, most measures are targeted at road traffic. In Krakow the most effective measures concern domestic heating, and in Kosice industrial facilities. 

Compared to other cities, the modal split of Athens shows a rather high share of private vehicles. Freight transport is also mostly done by road traffic. Even though a ban on private diesel vehicles has been in place since 1992, emissions from traffic are of major importance. The measures proposed in the notification of time extensions and the air quality plan for Athens address the main sources and are aimed at improving public transport. Hence, if these measures are far-reaching enough, if they cover a substantial part of the relevant sources and are implemented in an effective way, a substantial decrease of the pollutant levels can be expected. 

The main sources of PM10 in Krakow (and also in southern Poland) are domestic heating, industry and road traffic for NO2 it is road traffic. 

The main sources are road traffic and natural sources. Various high impact measures such as a low emission zone and the renewal of the public transport fleet are foreseen in Lisbon [6]. Further measures might be implemented to reduce the share of diesel vehicles, and to increase the share of bicycles. 

The potential benefits of such measures can be illustrated by reference to a trial road charging scheme introduced in Stockholm city centre in 2006. It was estimated that the scheme resulted in a 15% reduction in total road use within the charging zone. Emissions of NOx and PM10 from road traffic in the zone fell by 8.5% and 13%, respectively [41]. 

Carslaw DC (2005) Evidence of an increasing N02/NOx emissions ratio from road traffic emissions. Atmos Environ 39 4793 1802... 

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