Production vs. time

Figure 4. H/C mole ratio of coal products vs. time...

FIGURE 11.1 Example project of LNAPL recovery, cumulative costs, and production vs. time. 

Figure 1. Oxidation of an aqueous solution of succinic acid (43 mmol.r ) over 5 wt% Ru/C a) yield of succinic acid and intermediate products vs. time and b) TOC removal and pH profile vs. time. Reaction conditions 190°C, air, 5 MPa total pressure.

The formation of the products vs. time in the Ti-MCM-41 catalysed oxidation of methyl a-D-glucopyranoside is depicted in Figure 1. 

Figure 2. Partial pressure of products vs. time in a typical transient experiment...

Plots of phase angle difference in the interferometer arms vs. time are related to heat-production vs. time, and this in turn is related to the concentration of the species responsible for heat production. Typical instrument output for the urea/urease system is shown in Figure 3. Calibration curves can be constructed as shown in Figure The system is quite stable, and reasonably sensitive. Minimum detectable levels of urea are 5 mM, compared to the 0.1-5 mM limits for traditional detectors. Over extended time periods (7 days) the relative standard deviation at 5 mM concentrations is better than 5 /.. The optimum FIA conditions were around 1.0 ml/min flow rate, with a sample loop of 0.1-0.25 ml. 

An IR technique has been used to obtain spectra of a reacting PU foam system having a given temperature profile every 5-10 seconds. Chemical reaction rates and morphology development were evaluated using computer assisted spectral analysis to simultaneously monitor both isocyanate disappearance and the evolution of urethane and urea carbonyl absorbancies. Quantitation of the products vs. time is obtained via curve fitting and deconvolution routines. Applications have been proven in a wide variety of cellular PU systems. 15 refs. 

Data collection and analysis is critical for monitoring system performance. As a minimum the data must be entered in Table 4.7. Mathematical relations for converting field data to performance data are given in Chapter 2. Normalised data must be plotted to study the performance trends, for example RO membrane rejection vs. time and RO productivity vs. time. The key performance parameters in Tables 4.8 and 4.9 should be used in conjunction with normahsed data to evaluate system output. The data along with RO systems design guidelines provided in Chapter 2, and RO projections given in Table 4.1 should be used to monitor and troubleshoot the performance over time. 

As quoted above and in many other cases, although the subject s justifications and reasoning were correct, representation of that idea on a graph was different from a formal chemist s perspective. The reason might be that the student has conceptual difficulties in understanding that reaction rate is maximum at the begirming and is zero at the end of the reaction or the student simply confuses it with the concentration of product vs. time graph. 

FIG. 6 Kinetic analysis of solution-mediated phase transformation of in situ precipitated calcium oxalate trihydrate (COT) into calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), (a) Solution analysis Variation of ion activity product vs. time, (b) Solid phase analysis Total crystal volume (curve 1) and volume fractions of COT (curve 2) and COM (curve 3) vs. time. 

An advantage of the smokeless powders is their ability to be extruded during the manufacturing process. Perforated grains can be produced that simultaneously bum inwardly and outwardly such that variable burning surface area and variable gas production vs. time are achieved. ... 

Fissore et al. (2008b, 2011b) proposed an innovative approach to determine the residual water content of the dried product vs. time and to give a reliable estimation ofthe time that is necessary to complete secondary drying, that is, to fulfill the requirement on the final water content ofthe product. The method uses the values of water (or solvent) desorption rate that can be calculated from the PRT (Eq. 4.26) and a mathematical model that describes the change with time ofthe residual water content in the dried product. To this purpose it is required to model the dependence of the desorption rate of water (or solvent) from the residual water content in the product. Various models have been proposed in the literature the desorption rate can be assumed to be proportional to the residual water content, or to the difference between the residual water content and the equilibrium value. It is possible to use the exact mechanism, if it is known. Otherwise the first-mentioned model, that is much simpler and that has been demonstrated to describe adequately the process (Liapis and Bruttini, 1995) can be applied ... 

Measurements consist of the temperature of the products and their chemical composition. Typical results are shown in Fig. 15.9 in plots of an oscillatory influx and the temperature of the reaction products vs. time. 

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