Limiting ingredient

In contrast to heavy-duty conventional or (super)compact detergents, alkanesulfonates are well suited as cost-limiting ingredients in personal care products. Consequently, there are a lot of proposals to formulate shampoos, shower products, and bubble baths (cf. Refs. 78 and 79). Examples of basic formulations are given in Table 24. The commercialization of such formulations, mostly as no-name brands, is, however, only marginal. Some new aspects have been... 

Limited ingredients Sodium benzoate 1.18 g/kg (=benzoic acid 1 g/kg) ... 

How many sandwiches can you make The answer is 8. When you run out of meat, you must stop making sandwiches. The meat is the limiting ingredient. 

Suppose I check my supplies and find that I have 12 pieces of bread, 5 pieces of ham, and 10 slices of cheese. How many sandwiches can I make I can make five, of course. I have enough bread for six sandwiches, enough ham for five, and enough cheese for ten. But I m going to run out of ham first — I ll have bread and cheese left over. And the ingredient I run out of first really limits the amount of product (sandwiches) I ll be able to make it can be called the limiting ingredient... 

According to the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, food additives may be defined as "substances. .. the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, either in their becoming a component of food or otherwise affecting the characteristics of food" (1). Canada and the European Community have adopted similar definitions. According to this broad definition, a food additive is synonymous to a food ingredient. In practice, however, the word additive is limited to substances that are used in small quantities. 

Emulsifiers are classified by the hydrophilic—lipophilic balance (HLB) system. This system indicates whether an emulsifier is more soluble in water or oil, and for which type of emulsion (water-in-oil or oil-in-water) it is best suited. Emulsifiers having alow HLB value are more oil soluble, and are better suited for water-in-oil appHcations such as margarine. Conversely, emulsifiers having a high HLB value are more water soluble, and function more effectively in oil-in-water emulsions such as ice cream (34). The use of this system is somewhat limited because the properties of emulsifiers are modified by the presence of other ingredients and different combinations of emulsifiers are needed to achieve a desired effect. The HLB values of some common emulsifiers are given (35). 

The Fair Packaging and Labeling Act does not apply to products used in professional estabHshments. Specifically, this means that these products are not required to have an identity statement or a Hst of ingredients. This exception, however, is limited only to those products actually intended for professional use. Products sold by the professional estabHshments to their customers for personal use are considered retail products and must be fully labeled as such. 

In petroleum and oxygenate finish removers, the major ingredient is normally acetone, methyl ethyl ketone [78-93-3], or toluene. Cosolvents include methanol, / -butanol [71-36-3], j -butyl alcohol [78-92-2], or xylene [1330-20-7]. Sodium hydroxide or amines are used to activate the remover. Paraffin wax is used as an evaporation retarder though its effectiveness is limited because it is highly soluble in the petroleum solvents. CeUulose thickeners are sometimes added to liquid formulas to assist in pulling the paraffin wax from the liquid to form a vapor barrier or to make a thick formula. Corrosion inhibitors are added to stabili2e tbe formula for packaging (qv). 

Extreme caution must be taken to prevent the possibility of fire when using flammable removers. Extra care must be taken when stripping on location to secure the area of ignition sources. When used on lacquer finishes, the dissolved finish and remover combined are extremely flammable. Natural mbber, neoprene, or other gloves suitable for use with the remover formula must be worn. The effect of skin contact with the remover is limited because there is immediate irritation and discomfort. Canister respirators are available for most petroleum and oxygenate remover solvents. Symptoms of long-term overexposure should be compared to symptoms of the major ingredients in the formula. 

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