Organophosphate flame retardants

Abstract We have reviewed the human exposure to selected emerging organic contaminants, such new brominated flame retardants, organophosphate flame retardants, phthalate substitutes, triclosan, synthetic musks, bisphenol-A, perchlorate, and polycyclic siloxanes. Levels of these emerging contaminants in matrices relevant for human exposure (air, dust, food, water, etc.) and in human matrices (blood, urine, or tissues) have been reviewed, together with some of the relevant health effects reported recently. [Pg.243]

Organophosphoms compounds, primarily phosphonic acids, are used as sequestrants, scale inhibitors, deflocculants, or ion-control agents in oil wells, cooling-tower waters, and boiler-feed waters. Organophosphates are also used as plasticizers and flame retardants in plastics and elastomers, which accounted for 22% of PCl consumed. Phosphites, in conjunction with Hquid mixed metals, such as calcium—zinc and barium—cadmium heat stabilizers, function as antioxidants and stabilizer adjutants. In 1992, such phosphoms-based chemicals amounted to slightly more than 6% of all such plastic additives and represented 8500 t of phosphoms. Because PVC production is expected to increase, the use of phosphoms additive should increase 3% aimually through 1999. [Pg.383]

Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticisers Perfluorinated compounds Pharmaceuticals and personal care products Polar pesticides and their degradation/transformation products Surfactants and their metabolites... [Pg.200]

Brandt [200] has extracted tri(nonylphenyl) phosphite (TNPP) from a styrene-butadiene polymer using iso-octane. Brown [211] has reported US extraction of acrylic acid monomer from polyacrylates. Ultrasonication was also shown to be a fast and efficient extraction method for organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticisers [212]. Greenpeace [213] has recently reported the concentration of phthalate esters in 72 toys (mostly made in China) using shaking and sonication extraction methods. Extraction and analytical procedures were carefully quality controlled. QC procedures and acceptance criteria were based on USEPA method 606 for the analysis of phthalates in water samples [214]. Extraction efficiency was tested by spiking blank matrix and by standard addition to phthalate-containing samples. For removal of fatty acids from the surface of EVA pellets a lmin ultrasonic bath treatment in isopropanol is sufficient [215]. It has been noticed that the experimental ultrasonic extraction conditions are often ill defined and do not allow independent verification. [Pg.80]

Organophosphate triesters (OPERs) are used as flame retardants and/or plasticizers in a wide range of polymers, in furniture upholstery, insulation, wall coverings, and floor finishing products. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (T/BP), tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) are commonly used as plasticizers in polymers,... [Pg.250]

Saito I, Onuki A, Seto H (2007) Indoor organophosphate and polybrominated flame retardants in Tokyo. Indoor Air 17 28-36... [Pg.292]

Brommer S, Harrad S, Van den Eede N, Covaci A (2011) Concentrations of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants in german indoor dust samples. Organohalog Compd 73... [Pg.292]

Garcia M, Rodriguez I, Cela R (2007) Microwave-assisted extraction of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers from indoor dust samples. J Chromatogr A 1152 280-286... [Pg.292]

Carlsson H, Nilsson U, Becker G, Ostman C (1997) Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in the indoor environment analytical methodology and occurrence. Environ Sci Technol 31 2931-2396... [Pg.292]

Hartmann PC, Biirgi D, Giger W (2004) Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air. Chemosphere 57 781-787... [Pg.293]

Andresen J, Bester K (2006) Elimination of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in drinking water purification. Water Res 40 621-629... [Pg.293]

Meyer J, Bester K (2004) Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticisers in wastewater treatment plants. J Environ Monit 6 599-605... [Pg.293]

Meeker JD, Stapleton HM (2010) House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters. Environ Health Persp 118 318-323... [Pg.293]

Stapleton HM, Klosterhaus S, Eagle S, Fuh J, Meeker ID, Blum A, Webster TF (2009) Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and US house dust. Environ Sci Technol 43 7490-7495... [Pg.304]

Van den Eede N, Dirtu AC, Neels H, Covaci A (2011) Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust. Environ Int 37 454 61... [Pg.304]

Schindler BK, Foerster K, Angerer J (2009a) Determination of human urinary organophosphate flame retardant metabolites by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 877 375-381... [Pg.304]

Wensing, M., Pardemann, J. and Schwampe, W. (2003) Flame retardants in the indoor environment. Part V measurement and exposure evaluation of organophosphate esters from automobile interiors. Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2003, Singapore, Vol. 1, pp. 172-7. [Pg.163]

The phosphoric acid triesters (organophosphates, not to be mistaken for organophosphorous pesticides) are, like phthalates, plasticizers mixed into polymers to increase flexibility and workability. Unlike phthalates they are remarkable flame retardants as well. The total European production of phosphorous-base flame... [Pg.243]

Table 11.3 Organophosphates (plasticizers and flame retardants) in house dust (mgkg ). [Pg.245]

Kemmlein, S., Hahn, O. and Jann, O. (2003) Emissions of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants from selected consumer products and building materials. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 5485-93. [Pg.428]

Degradation of agrochemicals, solvents, degreasers, flame retardants, and chemical intermediates used in the production of high volume chemicals [113] detoxification of chlorophenols [61] Transformation of pesticides including phenylcarbamates (e.g., CIPC, IPQ and organophosphates (e.g., malathion, paraoxon, parathion) [53]... [Pg.435]

Shieh JY, Wang CS. Effect of the organophosphate structure on the physical and flame-retardant properties of an epoxy resin. J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem. 2002 40 369-378. [Pg.415]

The application of MIPs as the stationary phase in solid-phase extraction (SPE), often referred to as molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction (MIS P E), is a rapidly growing area [197-199]. With MISPE, highly specific enrichment of substances present at trace levels is possible. The technique has been applied to the analysis of drugs, for example, caffeine [200], scopolamine [201], naproxen [202], tetracycline [203], cholesterol [204] and local anesthetics [205], as well as environmental pollutants, exemplified by organophosphate flame retardants [206-208], triazines in soil and vegetable samples [71] and naphthalene sulfonates in river water [209]. [Pg.35]

By acting as char formers, as phosphorous flame retardants do. They are also subdivided into nonhalogenated organophosphate esters, ammonium polyphosphate, and others. When heated, they produce a solid form of phosphoric acid that in turn chars the material and shields it from releasing of flammable gases feeding flames. Phosphorous flame retardants account for about 20% of flame retardants in the industry (mainly not with polyolefins). Boron compounds also work as char formers [2]. [Pg.470]

Halogenated flame retardants, 470 Halogenated organic esters, 470 Halogenated organophosphate esters, 470 HALS, 534, 535 Haltex, 474... [Pg.683]

Molecular condensables Phthalates, organophosphates, silicones, siloxanes Outside air, air filters, sealants, adhesives, flame retardants, FOUPs, gaskets Delaminates resist and ARC films... [Pg.631]

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