Peripheral blood mononuclear

Another dideoxypyrimidine nucleoside active against human immunodeficiency vims is 3 -azido-2/3 -dideoxyuridine [84472-85-5] (AZDU or CS-87, 64) C H N O. Since its synthesis, (167) CS-87 has been identified as a promising antiHIV agent (168) and is currentiy undergoing phase I clinical trials in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. It appears to be less potent than AZT against HIV in a peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cell screening system and in MT-4 cell lines. This lower activity in PBM cells appears to be related to a lower affinity of CS-87 for the enzyme responsible for its initial phosphorylation (169). However, CS-87 has significantly lower toxicity on bone marrow cells than AZT (170) and penetration of the CNS as a 5 -dihydropyridine derivative. 

Deguchi, Y., Negoro, S., Kishimoto, S. (1988). Age-related changes of heat shock protein gene transcription in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 157, 580-584. 

Nagata H, Worobec AS, Oh CK, et al Identification of a point mutation in the catalytic domain of the protooncogene c-kit in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients who have mastocytosis with an associated hematologic disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995 92 10560-10564. 

Carr DJ, Carpenter GW, Garza HH Jr, France CP, Prakash OM (1995) Chronic infrequent opioid exposure suppresses 1L-2R expression on rhesus monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells foUowing stimulation with pokeweed mitogen. Int J Neurosci 81 137-148... 

Wetzel MA, Steele AD, Eisenstein TK, Adler MW, Henderson EE, Rogers TJ (2000) Mu-opioid induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, RANTES, and IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Immunol 165 6519-6524 Widmer U, Manogue KR, Cerami A, Sherry B (1993) Genomic cloning and promoter analysis of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta, members of the chemokine superfamily of proinflammatory cytokines. J Immunol 150 4996-5012 Ye RD (2001) Regulation of nuclear factor kappaB activation by G-protein-coupled receptors. [Review] [136 refs]. J Leukoc Biol 70 839-848... 

Since initial studies identified opioid receptors on T-lymphocytes (Wybran et al. 1979), the effects of opioids on immune function have been extensively studied. Details of these studies have been exhaustively reviewed (Madden et al. 1991 Adler et al. 1993 Peterson et al. 1998 Donahoe and Vlahov 1998 Roy et al. 2006), and will only be briefly mentioned here. In general, opioids suppress immune function. Peripheral leukocytes, including lymphocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can express the four major opioid receptor types, MOP, DOP, KOP,... 

Chao CC, Molitor TW, Close K, Hu S, Peterson PK (1993) Morphine inhibits the release of tumor necrosis factor in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Int J Immunopharmacol 15 447 53... 

Peterson PK, Sharp BM, Gekker G, Jackson B, Balfour HH Jr (1991) Opiates, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and HIV. Adv Exp Med Biol 288 171-178 Peterson PK, Gekker G, Schut R, Hu S, Balfour HH Jr, Chao CC (1993) Enhancement of HlV-1 replication by opiates and cocaine the cytokine connection. Adv Exp Med Biol 335 181-188 Peterson PK, Gekker G, Hu S, Sheng WS, Molitor TW, Chao CC (1995) Morphine stimulates phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human microglial cells involvement of a G protein-coupled opiate receptor. Adv Neuroimmunol 5 299-309 Peterson PK, Molitor TW, Chao CC (1998) The opioid-cytokine connection. J Neuroimmunol 83 63-69... 

Studies have demonstrated that one such method is to examine the effects of disinfectants on endogenous RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (i.e. reverse transcriptase) activity. In essence, HIV is an RNA virus after it enters a cell the RNA is converted to DNA under the influence of reverse transcriptase. The virus induces a cytopathic effect on T lymphocytes, and in the assay reverse transcriptase activity is determined after exposure to different concentrations of various disinfectants. However, it has been suggested that monitoring residual viral reverse transcriptase activity is not a satisfactory alternative to tests whereby infectious HIV can be detected in systems employing fresh human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 

Carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and red blood cells after long-term beta-carotene supplementation in men. Am J Clin Nutr 63(4) 553-8. 

Jyonouchi, H., Sun, S., and Gross, M., Effect of carotenoids on in vitro immunoglobulin production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells astaxanthin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, enhances in vitro immunoglobulin production in response to a T-dependent stimulant and antigen, Nutr. Cancer, 23, 171, 1994. 

Kishimoto T, Oguri T, Ueda D, Tada M. 1996. Methylmercury modulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 mRNA expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Hum Cell 9 371-374. 

Baldassano, R.N., Schreiber, S., Johnston, R.B. and MacDermott, KP. (1991). Increased respiratory burst activity from Crohn s disease peripheral blood mononuclear ph o-cytes. Gastroenterology 100, A559. 

PAS Periodic acid-SchiflF reagent PBA Polyclonal B cell activators PBC Primary biliary cirrhosis PBL Peripheral blood lymphocytes PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cells PBN N- e f-butyl-a-phenylnitrone PBS Phosphate-buffered saline PC Phosphatidylcholine... 

The inhibition of the phosphorylation of IkBoc by celastrol in the NF-kB signaling pathway is not cell specific72-75 and thus significantly broadened the potential medicinal applications of natural triterpene QMs. Celastrol 76 has been evaluated in the treatment of Crohn s disease,76 which is a chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel disease. In the peripheral blood mononuclear cells, celastrol 76 reduced the levels of... 

Haringman JJ, Smeets TJ, Reinders-Blankert P, Tak PP. Chemokine and chemo-kine receptor expression in paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells and synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and reactive arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006 65(3) 294-300. 

Arthos J, Cicala C, Selig SM, et al. The role of the CD4 receptor versus HIV coreceptors in envelope-mediated apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Virology 2002 292(1) 98-106. 

Findings from studies of schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis, as well as other models of pulmonary, kidney, and liver fibrosis, strongly support the role of CD4+ Th2 cells in the progression of fibrosis (4). In this regard, analyses of gene and protein expression after stimulation by Thl (vs. Th2) cytokines indicates that IL-4 is found at increased concentrations in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, as well as in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of those afflicted with periportal fibrosis (10,53-56). 

Interferon-y (IFN-y) mRNA levels were measured in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and purified cell populations, using a bDNA assay, to characterize the cell types that contribute to the in vivo increase in IFN-y gene expression seen in HIV infection (Breen et al 1997). IFN-y is a cytokine that can be produced by multiple cell types and is considered to enhance cellular responses by activation of monocytes and macrophages. It is one of the type 1 cy-... 

Mason, A., et al. (1992). Hepatitis B virus DNA in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells in chronic hepatitis B after HBsAg clearance. Hepatology 16,36-41. 

Fig. 14.4 Heritability of DPD deficient phenotype. DPD activity was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a proband, her family members, and healthy volunteers (controls).

DPD Biochemical Phenotype Measured in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC)... 

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