Patented processes

Reduction. Hydrogenation of dimethyl adipate over Raney-promoted copper chromite at 200°C and 10 MPa produces 1,6-hexanediol [629-11-8], an important chemical intermediate (32). Promoted cobalt catalysts (33) and nickel catalysts (34) are examples of other patented processes for this reaction. An eadier process, which is no longer in use, for the manufacture of the 1,6-hexanediamine from adipic acid involved hydrogenation of the acid (as its ester) to the diol, followed by ammonolysis to the diamine (35). 

FMC makes sodium bicarbonate at the Green River complex by reaction of sesquicarbonate (Na2 CO3 -NaHC03 -2H2 O) with carbon dioxide recovered from a sodium phosphate plant. This fairly recently patented process avoids the energy intensive heating step (33). 

Another significant disadvantage of the patented process is the two large mnning seals involved in the main body of the filter as the vessel rotates around a stationary central arrangement this seal is another potential source of trouble. This version has Htde chance of commercial success and has been shelved in favor of a more conventional system of stationary vessel (16). 

Hard-burned magnesias may be used in a variety of appHcations such as ceramics (qv), animal feed supplements, acid neutralization, wastewater treatment, leather (qv) tanning, magnesium phosphate cements, magnesium compound manufacturing, fertilizer, or as a raw material for fused magnesia. A patented process has introduced this material as a cation adsorbent for metals removal in wastewater treatment (132). 

Small tire chips have also been utilized as a soil amendment to improve athletic playing fields (see Recreational surfaces). A patented process marketed under the trade name Rebound (fai Tire) combines cmmb mbber from scrap tires with composted organic material to reduce soil compaction, resulting in better athletic playing surfaces (52). Installations have been made in Florida, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, Virginia, and Wisconsin. 

In a patented process, a stirred suspension of sodium sulfite is continuously treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide and a sulfur dioxide-containing gas at 60—85°C, and 96% pure anhydrous sodium sulfite is removed by filtration (336). In another continuous one-step process, substantially anhydrous sodium carbonate and sulfur dioxide are concurrently introduced into a saturated solution of sodium sulfite at pH 6.5—7.6 and above 35°C with continuous removal of sodium sulfite (337). 

Complexation of the initiator and/or modification with cocatalysts or activators affords greater polymerization activity (11). Many of the patented processes for commercially available polymers such as poly(MVE) employ BE etherate (12), although vinyl ethers can be polymerized with a variety of acidic compounds, even those unable to initiate other cationic polymerizations of less reactive monomers such as isobutene. Examples are protonic acids (13), Ziegler-Natta catalysts (14), and actinic radiation (15,16). 

Commercial Processes. Olin s earlier triple salt process, originally commercialized in 1928, was modified in 1983. In the patented process, a slurry of dibasic calcium hypochlorite is mixed with a strong, low salt sodium hypochlorite solution and hypochlorite Hquors and chlorinated. The resultant Ca(OCl)2 2H20 slurry is filtered, the cake going to the dry-end and the filtrate to the dibasic precipitation step where it reacts with lime. 

Because the epoxidation with Tl(III) is stoichiometric to produce Tl(I), reoxidation is needed. Halcon has patented processes based on such epoxidation to yield ethylene oxide (200—203). The primary benefits of such a process are claimed to be high yields of ethylene oxide, fiexibihty to produce either propylene oxide or ethylene oxide, and the potential of a useful by-product (acetaldehyde). Advances usiag organic hydroperoxides ia place of oxygen for reoxidation offer considerable promise, siace reaction rates are rapid and low pressures can be used. 

DGA = Diglycol amine Jefferson Chemical Co., Fluor patented process (Econamine)... 

There was significant interest in developing commercial processes based on phenolic resins in the 1890-1910 era. By this time, cellulose nitrate, vulcanized rubber, and viscose rayon had all found places in commerce [24]. Smith patented processes for manufacture of commercially useful molded articles from phenolic in 1899-1900 [2,25-28]. His products were made with phenol, paraldehyde (2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-trioxane) or parafonnaldehyde, and additives in the presence of HCl at elevated temperatures. 

Isolation of Ergot Alkaloids. In the papers already quoted (refs. 6 to 19) the processes used for the isolation of the total alkaloids and the separation of the component bases are given to those may be added references to methods by other authors. There are also numerous patented processes, some of which are quoted in the following special sections. 

Information on patented processes offers a number of commercial opportunities ... 

The patent expiration date (in the U.S. usuaily 17 years after the patent issuance date cited) offers the opportunity to duplicate and practice the patented process without legal conflict after expiration. 

The definition of the patented process offers the opportunity to an innovative chemist to develop a process which bypasses the original patent claims and offers a new legally clear route to an economically attractive product. 

It should be noted that the manufacturing procedures described are based on patented processes and that a proper license must be obtained for the use of such processes, if the patent has not expired. 

Table 5 indicates that RuCl2(PPh3)3 has been frequently used for selective hydrogenation of C=C in NBR [48-52]. This is commercially available and is also easy to synthesize. In most of the patented processes, low-molecular weight ketone solvents are used to avoid the gel formation. The activity of the catalyst can be enhanced by the use of certain additives, such as trieth-ylamine [59], isopropanol [52], and ammonium hexaflu-orophosphate [50] in the reaction system. This might be... 

Trade secrets are creative works (usually methods, processes, or designs) that are not covered by the strict definition of an invention required for a legal patent. Or they are actual inventions that a company or individual does not want to expose to public scrutiny through the patent process (since the published patent must contain a written description of the invention). 

For food and pharmaceutical applications, the microbial count must be reduced to less than 10,000 viable cells per g exopolysaccharide. Treatment with propylene oxide gas has been used for reducing the number of viable cells in xanthan powders. The patented process involves propylene oxide treatment for 3 h in a tumbling reactor. There is an initial evacuation step before propylene oxide exposure. After treatment, evacuation and tumbling are alternated and if necessary the reactor is flushed with sterile nitrogen gas to reduce the residual propylene oxide level below the Food and Drug Administration permitted maximum (300 mg kg 1). The treated polysaccharide is then packaged aseptically. 

Bag molding Hinterspritzen This patented process allows virgin or recycled TPs such as PP, PC/ABS, etc. to thermally bond with the backing of multilayer PP based fabrics providing good elasticity. This one step molding technique provides a low cost approach for in-mold fabric lamination that range from simple to complex shapes. 

A135-R to A136-L. A patented process (Ref) obtains polymers by heating allyl ale, or homologs, at 50—100° in the presence of oxygen and/or an oxygen-yielding catalyst such as a peroxide, perchlorate or persulfate. Nitration of these polymers has yielded some expls Ref Anon, DutchP 66784 (1950) CA 45,... 

Figure 21, Schematic of United Sterling s patented process for continuous mass...

It is reported here that DuPont is planning to launch a pilot plant in 2000, to test a new, patented process for chemically recycling nylon 6/6 resin. Full details are given of the process, called ammonolysis. 

Groupe TBI is investing about FFr3m to build a 15,0001/ y aromatic polyester polyols plant on a greenfield site at Issoire, near Lyons. The novel, patented process uses postconsumer waste bottles made from PETP as feedstock. PU and modified PIR foams made using the APPs have excellent fire performance and good dimensional stability. GROUPE TBI... 

Solid-phase sorbents are also used in a technique known as matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). MSPD is a patented process first reported in 1989 for conducting the simultaneous disruption and extraction of solid and semi-solid samples. The technique is rapid and requires low volumes (ca. 10 mL) of solvents. One problem that has hindered further progress in pesticide residues analysis is the high ratio of sorbent to sample, typically 0.5-2 g of sorbent per 0.5 g of sample. This limits the sample size and creates problems with representative sub-sampling. It permits complete fractionation of the sample matrix components and also the ability to elute selectively a single compound or class of compounds from the same sample. Excellent reviews of the practical and theoretical aspects of MSPD " and applications in food analysis were presented by Barker.Torres et reported the use of MSPD for the... 

A key theme emerging from this chapter is that actions taken during the patenting process can dramatically affect a patent s ability to survive when it is challenged in a Federal Court, the Patent Office, or before the U.S. International Trade Commission. 

Pfizer won at the district court level, but lost on appeal at the Federal Circuit, in part because Claim 6 was not written in proper form [11]. This case presents an excellent example of the "reach through" effect how small actions early on in the patent process can have large consequences in litigation. 

Kvaerner Chemetics have developed a novel, patented process [1] for the removal of multivalent anions from concentrated brine solutions. The prime market for this process is the removal of sodium sulphate from chlor-alkali and sodium chlorate brine systems. The sulphate ion in a brine solution can have a detrimental effect on ion-exchange membranes used in the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide consequently tight limits are imposed on the concentration of sulphate ions in brine. As brine is continuously recycled from the electrolysers back to the saturation area, progressively more and more sulphate ions are dissolved and build up quickly in concentration to exceed the allowable process limits. A number of processes have been designed to remove sulphate ions from brine. Most of these methods are either high in capital or operating cost [2] or have large effluent flows. 

The method described above is a modification of a patented process,3 in which trinitrotoluene suspended in sulfuric acid is treated with chromic anhydride. 

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