Long chain fatty alcohol

It is possible to breed plants that have more efficient systems for utilization of water, and agricultural technology can help existing crop plants by spraying impervious coatings on them. Extremely small amounts of long-chain, fatty alcohols reduce evaporation losses from quiet lakes or reservoirs to less than 5% of the normal surface evaporation. 

The catalytic hydrogenation of esters is of great commercial importance. It is one of the industrial methods used to produce long-chain fatty alcohols (eg, dodecyl and decyl alcohols) from fatty acid methyl esters (33). The method is also suitable for the conversion of dimethyl 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate [94-60-0] into 1,4-cydohexanedimethanol [105-08-8] an important intermediate in the manufacturing of polyesters. 

The reaction between ethylene oxide and long-chain fatty alcohols or fatty acids is called ethoxylation. Ethoxylation of C10-C14 linear alcohols and linear alkylphenols produces nonionic detergents. The reaction with alcohols could be represented as ... 

Conditioners are compounds added to keep the hair cuticle smooth and slippery. Silicone oils such as dimethicone and cyclomethicone are used to make the hair shiny and slippery. Humectants (moisturizers) like panthenol help keep the cuticle moist so that the scales do not stand up. Long-chain fatty alcohols such as cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, and stearyl alcohol... 

These are the esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty alcohols. Usually, only the alcohols are saturated and monoenoic, whereas the fatty adds may be more highly unsaturated, as in most marine waxes. They are found in both animal and plant tissues as well as in some microorganisms. They are quite common in insects. They reserve energy in aquatic animals, aid in echolocation, and play a vital role in waterproofing. 

Nowadays these compounds are usually blended with other surfactants, including nonionic types (section 9.6). In 1990 a typical low- or non-phosphate domestic detergent contained 7% linear alkylbenzenesulphonate and 6% nonionic fatty alcohol ethoxylate [16]. There is increasing use of the long-chain fatty alcohol poly(oxyethylene) sulphates previously described (e.g. 9.12) as a partial or complete replacement for linear alkylbenzenesulphonates [15] since they are made from renewable feedstocks such as tallow and palm oil [16]. 

How the aliphatic monomers are incorporated into the suberin polymer is not known. Presumably, activated co-hydroxy acids and dicarboxylic acids are ester-ified to the hydroxyl groups as found in cutin biosynthesis. The long chain fatty alcohols might be incorporated into suberin via esterification with phenylpro-panoic acids such as ferulic acid, followed by peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of the phenolic derivative. This suggestion is based on the finding that ferulic acid esters of very long chain fatty alcohols are frequently found in sub-erin-associated waxes. The recently cloned hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA tyramine N-(hydroxycinnamoyl) transferase [77] may produce a tyramide derivative of the phenolic compound that may then be incorporated into the polymer by a peroxidase. The glycerol triester composed of a fatty acid, caffeic acid and a>-hydroxy acid found in the suberin associated wax [40] may also be incorporated into the polymer by a peroxidase. 

As discussed elsewhere, several long-chain fatty alcohols show growth-regulating properties. We have isolated docosanol... 

The jojoba plant (Simmondsia chinensis) produces wax esters rather than tri-acylglycerols in its seeds and it has become a significant crop for the cosmetic sector. Its wax consists mainly of long-chain fatty acids linked to long-chain fatty alcohols. 

In most phosphoglycerides, the fatty acid substituted on C-l is saturated and that on C-2 is unsaturated. Although phosphoglycerides are referred to in the singular (as in Table 6.1), they are mixtures in which compounds with the same X group are esterified with a variety of different fatty acids, In some instances C-l is etherified (not esterified) with a long-chain fatty alcohol. This... 

Paraffin followed by candelilla wax and microcrystalline waxes, and eventually by beeswax, are considered as the most effective moisture barriers derived from edible waxes (Morillon et al. 2002). There is no satisfactory chemical definition for the term wax which is used for a variety of products of mineral, botanical and animal origin that contain various kinds of fatty materials (Table 23.4). The term resins or lacs can also be used for plant or insect secretions that take place along resins ducts, often in response to injury or infection, and result in more acidic substances (Hernandez 1994). However, all waxes tend to contain wax esters as major components, that is, esters of long-chain fatty alcohols with long chain fatty acids. Depending on their source, they may additionally include hydrocarbons, sterol esters, aliphatic aldehydes, primary and secondary alcohols, diols, ketones, triacylglycerols, and so on. 

Emulsification and Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene Using Mixtures of Cationic Surfactant and Long Chain Fatty Alcohols or Alkanes as Emulsifiers... 

Figure 4. OPB adsorbed on the monomer droplets as a function of time for different long chain fatty alcohols. Styrene = 83.3 g, HfO = 250 g, OPB == 2.0 g/dtn HtO. Temp. = 60°C. Stirring—600 rpm. Molar ratio fatty alcohohOPB...

Effect of hexadecane as additive In a series of papers Hallworth and Carless (7,8,9,TO) have investigated the effect of the nature oT the internal phase on the stability of oil in water emulsions as well as the effect of addition of long chain fatty alcohols with sodium dodecyl sulphate or sodium hexadecyl sulphate as the ionic emulsifier. They found that light petroleum and chlorobenzene emulsions prepared only with sodium hexadecyl sulphate were much less stable than those produced using the longer chain paraffins, white spirit and light liquid paraffins. 

Emulsions of styrene with mixtures of octadecyl pyridinium (OPB) and long chain fatty alcohols were prepared in accordance with previous methods. Premixing of OPB with alcohol in water prior to addition of monomer leads to fine emulsions of styrene, obtained with moderate stirring. The stability of the emulsions increases markedly with increasing chain length of the alcohol. 

Another, more specific method for the preparation of emulsions of Z, involves the addition of Z to a preformed mixture of an ionic emulsifier, a long-chain fatty alcohol, and water. In this way, the rapid formation of a stable emulsion may he obtained at ordinary stirring with relatively modest amounts of emulsifier. The mechanism of Ais process is still not satisfactorily explained. Also, subsequent polymerization (in the case where Zi is a monomer) may lead to polymerization with initiation in monomer droplets. 

One of ibc methods described above for preparing stable emulsions of Zj involved homogenization of Z2 with water and emulsifier, to produce small droplets of Z2 which served as loci for tbe subsequent preparation of an emulsion of Z, by diffusion. A different method which makes the use of a homogenization process unnecessary involves the use of a mixture of ionic emulsifier and long-chain fatty alcohols- This procedure seems to have been known industrially for quite a long time. 

Highly ordered lamellar gel microstructures are formed by certain surfactants and mixtures of a surfactant and long-chain fatty alcohols in water. Using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), an ordered lamellar stack lattice model was proposed for the gel formed by 10% w/w cetostearyl alcohol containing 0.5% cetri-mide surfactant. In contrast, the microstructure of a Brij 96 gel depends on the surfactants concentration. A hexagonal liquid-crystalline gel structure was... 

Oil-in-water creams, for topical use, generally contain mixed emulsifiers/surfactants one of which is a water soluble surfactant with a high HLB, the other being an amphiphile, usually a long chain fatty alcohol (e.g., of chain length C14 to Cig) or acid (e.g., palmitic or stearic). The water soluble surfactant may be anionic (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate), cationic (e.g., cetri-mide), or non-ionic (e.g., cetomacrogol. Tweens). 

Figure 3.47. Rheology of collapsed monolayers of long-chain fatty alcohols. Comparison between measured (—) moduli (fig. a) and loss tangents (fig. b) and those computed by a...

Another type of emulsion-like process is called miniemulsion polymerization. Miniemulsions are stable oil in water emulsions with average droplet diameter of 80-400 nm, prepared using a mixture of an anionic emulsifier and a cosurfactant such as a long-chain fatty alcohol or n-alkane. The polymer latexes are prepared by initiation of polymerization in the miniemulsion droplets. 

Fatty acid esters, because of the great variety of molecular structures that are possible, offer great versatility to the plastics compounder. Liquid fatty acid esters of short-chain monofunctional alcohols have a distinct secondary plasticizer action, whereas fatty acid esters of long-chain fatty alcohols like stearyl stearate or cetyl palmitate are well known as wax esters and because of their thermal stability, good flow properties and resistance to plate out are broadly used as lubricants for PVC and other polar plastics. 

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