Chemical formulas naming molecular compounds

There are many different polyatomic anions, including several that are abundant in nature. Each is a stable chemical species that maintains its stmcture in the solid state and in aqueous solution. Polyatomic anions are treated as distinct units when writing chemical formulas, naming compounds, or drawing molecular pictures. The names, formulas, and charges of the more common polyatomic anions are listed in Table 3-4. You should memorize the common polyatomic ions because they appear regularly throughout this textbook. 

To assign a chemical formula of a compound from its name, you first must recognize whether the compound is ionic or molecular. For ionic compounds, you must also know the charges on the ions. 

Given the name or chemical formula for a compound, (1) categorize the substance as an ionic compound, a polar molecular compound with hydrogen bonds, a polar molecular compound without hydrogen bonds, or a nonpolar molecular compound, (2) identify the type of particle that forms its basic structure, and (3) identify the type of attraction holding its particles in the solid and liquid form. (Section 14.3.)... 

The compounds, A-230, A-232, and A-234 have recently been cited in the literature with reference to their chemical structure but with no analytical data. They are listed in Chapter 5, but only their chemical structure, chemical name, chemical formula, molecular mass, and CAS number are provided. 

While Lavoisier had established a rational system for naming elements and compounds, Frankland developed the system that we use today for writing chemical formulas and for depicting the bonds between the atoms in molecules. As Frankland synthesized more and more isomers, compounds with the same formulas but different molecular structures, he found traditional formulas confusing they showed the types and numbers of elements but provided no clue as to how the atoms were arranged inside the molecule. To remedy the problem, Frankland depicted the atoms in functional groups and drew lines between them to indicate the bonds between the elements. 

When naming a molecular compound, we name each element. The names appear in the same order as they do in the molecular formula. The chemical symbols in the formula are in the order the elements appear on the periodic table. Thus, the element towards the right of the periodic table (excluding the noble gases) will appear towards the right of the formula. If the elements are in the same column, the one nearer the top will be last in the formula. 

Knowing the names of the elements and a few basic rules allows us to name simple compounds given the chemical formula. We also can reverse the process. That is, if we know the name of the compound, we should be able to write the chemical formula. The process is straightforward for molecular compounds because prefixes are included in the names. Hence, the formula for sulfin dioxide is SO and carbon monoxide is CO. 

Write the empirical formula by attaching these whole-number mole ratios as subscripts to the chemical symbol of each element. Order the elements according to the general rules for naming ionic and molecular compounds. 

As noted earlier, more than one compound may have the same molecular formula (isomers), but a structural formula is unique to one compound. In addition, there are many chemicals which possess more than one chemical name, for the same reason mentioned above. The most common organic chemicals are those that have the shortest carbon chains. This fact is also true of their derivatives. The inclusion of a double bond in the structural formula has a profound effect on the properties of a compound. Table 2 illustrates those differences through the properties of alkenes. The presence of a double bond (and, indeed, a triple bond) between two carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon increases the chemical activity of the compound tremendously over its corresponding saturated hydrocarbon. The smaller the molecule (that is, the shorter the chain), the more pronounced this activity is. A case in point is the unsaturated hydrocarbon ethylene. Disregarding... 

Typically, reactants and products are represented by their atomic or molecular formulas, but molecular structures or simple names may be used instead. Phases are also often shown (s) for solid, ( ) for liquid, and (g) for gas. Compounds dissolved in water are designated (aq) for aqueous. Lastly, numbers are placed in front of the reactants or products to show the ratio in which they either combine or form. These numbers are called coefficients, and they represent numbers of individual atoms and molecules. For instance, to represent the chemical reaction in which coal (solid carbon) burns in the presence of oxygen to form gaseous carbon dioxide, we write the chemical equation... 

Compound Synonym Chemical name Molecular formula Molecular weight, MW g/mol m.p. °C Fugacity ratio, F at 25°C Pl

Describe the general structure of molecular and ionic compounds. (Sections 3.3 and 3.5) Convert between the names of compounds and their chemical formulas. (Section 5.3)... 

Several molecular compounds have common names that you use every day, such as water, ammonia, and alcohol. But common names can cause confusion. Does ammonia mean ammonia the pure gaseous compound or a solution of ammonia in water, as it is sold in stores And, there are severed compounds known as alcohol. Clearly, a more accurate system of naming compounds is necessary. So here, and in Chapter 4, you can learn how compounds are named following the international rules of chemical nomenclature. The goal of nomenclature is to develop a name that gives all the necessary information to allow someone else to construct the formula of the compound, and vice versa. 

So far, the occurrence of seven polycyclic musks has been reported. Their chemical names, chemical structures and molecular formulae are described elsewhere (Rimkus, 1999). The structural feature of all polycyclic musks is an indane or tetraline skeleton, which is highly substituted mainly by methyl groups (Fig. 1). 7-Acetyl-l,l,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN, trade name Tonalide) and 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2-benzo-pyrane (HHCB, trade name Galaxolide) are the most abundant ones. In this study, also 4-acetyl-1,1 -dimethyl-6-fert-butylindane (ADBI, trade name Celestolide) and 6-acetyl-l,l,2,3,3,5-hexamethylindane (AHMI, AHDI, trade name Phantolide) are investigated (Fig. 1). Important physicochemical properties of these compounds, which determine their environmental distribution and transport (e.g. solubility), are presented in chapter 4.1.1, in Ricking et al. (2003) as well as in Simonich et al. (2000). 

Chemical formulas describe the simplest atom ratio (empirical formula), actual atom number (molecular formula), and atom arrangement (structural formula) of one unit of a compound. An ionic compound is named with cation first and anion second. For metals that can form more than one ion, the charge is shown with a Roman numeral. Oxoanions have suffixes, and sometimes prefixes, attached to the element root name to indicate the number of oxygen atoms. Names of hydrates give the number of associated water molecules with a numerical prefix. Acid names are based on anion names. Covalent compounds have the first word of the name for the element that is leftmost or lower down in the periodic table, and prefixes show the number of each atom. The molecular (or formula) mass of a compound is the sum of the atomic masses in the formula. Molecules are depicted by various types of formulas and models. 

Whenever CAS Registry Numbers are used in the text, they are always enclosed in brackets, for example [122-99-6]. The structure and molecular formula of the compound are provided and the next line carries the chemical name of the compound. This is followed by as many as 200 synonyms, including identifiers, trade names, synonyms and other non-chemical names. 

Butyl acetate (BYOO-til AS-uh-tate) exists in three isomeric forms. Isomers are two or more forms of a chemical compound with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas and different chemical and physical properties. Their names and synonyms are as follows n-butyl acetate is known as butyl ester, or butyl ethanoate -butyl acetate is called i-methylpropyl ester and acetic acid -butyl ester and ferf-butyl acetate is known by 1,1,-dimethylethyl ester or acetic acid, ferf-butyl ester. The expanded chemical formulas for the forms are slightly different n-butyl acetate, CH3C00CH2CH2CH2CH3 -butyl acetate, CH3COOCH(CH3)(C2H5) and ferf-butyl acetate, CH3C00C(CH3)3. 

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