Other disorders

1 Lack of essential plant foods (mineral deficiency) 

When essential plant foods become unavailable to particular crops, deficiency symptoms will appear. These symptoms, such as chlorosis and necrosis, are characteristic for that nutrient and crop but can often look like a foliar disease (see Chapter 4). Distribution of the symptoms in the crop can be useful in deciding if it is likely to be a disease causing the problem or a nutrient deficiency. Fungal diseases often start with a primary foci and then spread out, whereas nutrient deficiency symptoms are more widespread or confined to certain distinct soil types or farm operations. Soil and or leaf tissue analysis can be used for diagnosing a nutrient deficiency. If a crop is suffering from a nutrient deficiency, it can make it more susceptible to attack by some pests and diseases. 

Physiological diseases are often triggered by adverse environmental conditions which can upset the normal physiological processes of the plant. Usually this is only temporary, but there may be occasions when the effect is more permanent. 

Herbicide drift or application of a spray contaminated with a herbicide not recommended for that crop can occasionally cause crop damage. Symptoms vary depending on the chemical involved. Usually it is very obvious that the problem is not caused by a disease because of distribution in the field. 

---

Prostaglandins arise from unsaturated C20 carboxylic acids such as arachidonic acid (see Table 26 1) Mammals cannot biosynthesize arachidonic acid directly They obtain Imoleic acid (Table 26 1) from vegetable oils m their diet and extend the car bon chain of Imoleic acid from 18 to 20 carbons while introducing two more double bonds Lmoleic acid is said to be an essential fatty acid, forming part of the dietary requirement of mammals Animals fed on diets that are deficient m Imoleic acid grow poorly and suffer a number of other disorders some of which are reversed on feed mg them vegetable oils rich m Imoleic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids One function of these substances is to provide the raw materials for prostaglandin biosynthesis... 

Ascorbic acid also forms soluble chelate complexes with iron (142—145). It seems ascorbic acid has no effect on high iron levels found in people with iron overload (146). It is well known, in fact, that ascorbic acid in the presence of iron can exhibit either prooxidant or antioxidant effects, depending on the concentration used (147). The combination of citric acid and ascorbic acid may enhance the iron load in aging populations. Iron overload may be the most important common etiologic factor in the development of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, arthritis, and possibly other disorders. The synergistic combination of citric acid and ascorbic acid needs further study, particularly because the iron overload produced may be correctable (147). 

The past experience of the dyestuff industry in its use of dye intermediates such as ( -naphthyl amine and benzidine (4), known human bladder carcinogens (334—343), have led to studies as to whether or not handlers of dyes are exposed to medical ha2ards such as cancer, dermatitis, and other disorders (344-360). 

Specification of. S SkCG, CO) requires models for the diffusive motions. Neutron scattering experiments on lipid bilayers and other disordered, condensed phase systems are often interpreted in terms of diffusive motions that give rise to an elastic line with a Q-dependent amplitude and a series of Lorentzian quasielastic lines with Q-dependent amplitudes and widths, i.e.. 

Other disorders of the lower respiratory tract include emphysema (lung disorder in which the terminal bronchioles or alveoli become enlarged and plugged with mucus) and chronic bronchitis (chronic inflammation and possibly infection of die bronchi). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is die name given collectively to emphysema and chronic bronchitis because die obstruction to die airflow is present most of the time. Asdima diat is persistent and present for most of die time may also be referred to as COPD. 

Control of early withdrawal symptoms, which prevents their progression to more serious symptoms, is the indication for which medications are most widely prescribed in the treatment of alcohol dependence. The most commonly used agents to treat alcohol withdrawal are the benzodiazepines, a class of drugs that, by virtue of their agonist activity at the GABA receptor complex, suppress the hyperexcitability associated with alcohol withdrawal. With widespread use of anticonvulsant medications for bipolar disorder and other disorders associated with behavioral disinhibition and CNS hyperexcitability, anticonvulsants have also been examined for use in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. 

Humans catabolize purines to uric acid (pA 5.8), present as the relatively insoluble acid at acidic pH or as its more soluble sodium urate salt at a pH near neutrality. Urate crystals are diagnostic of gout. Other disorders of purine catabolism include Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, von Gierke s disease, and hypo-uricemias. 

Other disorders in which glycoproteins have been implicated include hepatitis B and C, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and diarrheas due to a number of bacterial enterotoxins. It is hoped that basic smdies of glycoproteins and other glycoconjugates (ie, the field of glycobiology) will lead to effective treatments for diseases in which these molecules are involved. Already, at least two disorders have been found to respond to oral supplements of sugars. 

The last four disorders cause hemolytic anemias, as do a number of the other disorders listed. Most of the above conditions are discussed in other chapters of this text. MiM numbers apply only to disorders with a genetic basis. 

HBD is a biochemical rather than electrophoretic assessment of the LD isoenzyme which is associated with heart. All five isoenzymes of LD exhibit some activity toward cx-hydroxy-butyrate as substrate, but heart LD shows the greatest activity. Serum HBD measurement is not as valuable as the electrophoretic determination of heart LD isoenzyme. High HBD activity has also been found in diseases of the liver. Rises associated with the hepatic effects of congestive heart failure can be disconcerting in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Wilkinson has used the serum HBD/LD ratio for the differentiation of myocardial disease from other disorders in which HBD activity is elevated, whereas Rosalki has not found the ratio to be helpful (39). 

The following "red flag" or alarm features are not associated with IBS and may indicate inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, or other disorders fever, weight loss, bleeding, and anemia, which may be accompanied by persistent severe pain. 

Treatment of metabolic acidosis in CKD requires pharmacologic therapy. Other disorders that may contribute to metabolic acidosis should also be addressed. Altering bicarbonate levels in the dialysate fluid in patients receiving dialysis may assist with the treatment of metabolic acidosis, although pharmacologic therapy may still be required. 

O Determining a correct and accurate diagnosis is essential prior to any consideration of pharmacotherapy. When a patient complains of paroxysmal, stereotypical spells that may be seizures, it must be determined if the spells are really seizures. Numerous other disorders, including syncope, psychogenic nonepileptic events (i.e., pseudoseizures), anxiety attacks, cardiac arrhythmias, hypoglycemia, transient ischemic... 

Side effects associated with benzodiazepines in PD patients are similar to those observed in other disorders. Sedation, fatigue, and cognitive impairment are the most commonly reported side effects.49 Benzodiazepines should be avoided in patients with current substance abuse, a history of such, dependence, or sleep apnea. Additionally, caution should be used in older adults because they have more pronounced psychomotor and cognitive effects. 

Hypothyroidism can affect virtually any tissue or organ in the body. However, the most common symptoms, such as fatigue, lethargy, sleepiness, cold intolerance, and dry skin, are nonspecific and are seen with many other disorders. The classic overt signs, such as myxedema and delayed deep tendon reflexes, are seen uncommonly now because more patients are... 

Owing to the lag time between initiation and effect, capsaicin is not used for treatment of acute pain from injury. Instead, topical capsaicin is used for chronic pain from musculoskeletal and neuropathic disorders. Capsaicin preparations have been studied in the treatment of pain from diabetic neuropathy, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, postherpetic neuralgia, and other disorders.48 It is often used as an adjuvant to systemic analgesics in these chronic pain conditions. 

Hypnagogic1 /hypnopompic2 hallucinations Moderate (601, 402) High (90) If frequent (i.e., several times/week) unlikely to be associated with other disorders Diagnosed clinically occur with both nocturnal sleep and daytime naps... 

---