Etiological factors

Amylin [106602-62-4] (75) (Fig. 4) is a 37-amino acid peptide having approximately 46% sequence similarity to CGRP (33). Amylin is present ia pancreatic P-ceUs along with insulin. It may function as a hormone ia glucoregulation and has been proposed as an etiologic factor ia certain forms of diabetes. Amylin is also present ia dorsal root ganglia (see INSULIN AND OTHER ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS). 

Ascorbic acid also forms soluble chelate complexes with iron (142—145). It seems ascorbic acid has no effect on high iron levels found in people with iron overload (146). It is well known, in fact, that ascorbic acid in the presence of iron can exhibit either prooxidant or antioxidant effects, depending on the concentration used (147). The combination of citric acid and ascorbic acid may enhance the iron load in aging populations. Iron overload may be the most important common etiologic factor in the development of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, arthritis, and possibly other disorders. The synergistic combination of citric acid and ascorbic acid needs further study, particularly because the iron overload produced may be correctable (147). 

Multiple factors interact in complex ways to result in opioid dependence. It is difficult to delineate, even for a specific individual, the precise etiology of dependence. In addition, each of the etiologic factors discussed in this section may play variable roles in initiation of use, maintenance of use, relapse, and recovery. Keeping in mind all of these potential factors is essential when formulating a treatment plan for each individual. 

Del Pozo M, Audicana M, Diez JM, Munoz D, 53 Ansotegui IJ, Fernandez E, Garca M, Etxenagusia M, Moneo I, Fernandez de Corres L Anisakis simples, a relevant etiologic factor in acute urticaria. Allergy 1997 52 576-579. 

Sato A, Yamaguchi K, Nakajima T. 1986. Occupational trichloroethylene exposure as an etiological factor of Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Toxicol Lett 81(Suppl) 16-17. 

Sorgo G. 1976. [Trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, and gasoline intoxication as etiological factors in the development of arterio- and coronary sclerosis.] Arch Toxicol 35 295-318. (German)... 

Two etiologic factors for BPH include advanced patient age and the stimulatory effect of androgens. 

The testes and adrenal glands produce 90% and 10%, respectively, of circulating testosterone. Testosterone enters prostate cells, where predominantly type II 5a-reductase activates testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which combines with a cytoplasmic receptor. The complex enters the nucleus and induces changes in protein synthesis which promote glandular tissue growth of the prostate. Thus, 5a-reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride and dutas-teride) directly interfere with one of the major etiologic factors of BPH. 

Ferrer J. Vaginal candidosis epidemiological and etiological factors. 

The answer is d. (Hardman, pp 909-910.) It is now recognized that infection with fi pylon is a major etiologic factor in peptic ulcer disease. Bismuth salts are bactericidal for many organisms but especially for spirochetes. Colloidal bismuth salts such as bismuth subsalicylate also have a coating or cytoprotective action. Antimicrobials and GI antisecretory drugs are also used in combination with bismuth compounds. 

Infant, J. P. and Huszagh, V. A. Impaired arachidonic (20 4n-6) and docosahexaenoic (22 6n-3) acid synthesis by phenylalanine metabolites as etiological factors in the neuropathology of phenylketonuria. Mol. Genet. Metab. 72 185-198, 2001. 

Construct validation follows a three-stage process. The first stage, theory formulation, involves specifying relationships among constructs and their relation to external variables (e.g., etiological factors). Disorder x is created by process y. For example, a theory about the construct panic disorder could specify that it is caused by the catastrophic misinterpretation of benign bodily cues (Clark, 1986) or by a faulty suffocation monitor (Klein, 1993). Internal... 

It is not the purpose of this article to review all dehydrogenases that are known at present and not even all of those that have been described in human tissues and body fluids. A few of them have been selected that are of importance for diagnostic, prognostic or, as therapy controlling tools or, that are known as etiologic factors of pathological states. 

Khera, K.S. (1985). Maternal toxicity A possible etiological factor in embryo-fetal deaths and fetal malformations of rodent-rabbit species. 

Clearly, the ideal antihypertensive drug will be one which neutralizes a specific etiological factor responsible for the disease. Unfortunately, a specific etiology has not been found for the overwhelming number of hypertensive states in man. It is also becoming apparent that numerous factors regulate the blood pressure and that, therefore, numerous variables may be deranged in hypertension(6). Thus, an empirical approach is still necessary in the treatment of the hypertensive patients. 

Many dietary and environmental factors have been implicated as possible etiologic factors in the development of pancreatic cancer, but no definite causal relationships have been established. The strongest evidence points to cigarette smoking as a risk factor associated with pancreatic cancer (20-24). Occupational exposure to certain chemicals has also been linked to pancreatic carcinoma (25). Others in the high-risk group include stone miners, cement workers, gardeners, textile workers, and leather tanners (17,26). 

W3. White, R. P, and Robertson, J. T., Role of plasmin, thrombin, and antithrombin 111 as etiological factors in delayed cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery. 16(1), 27-35 (1985). 

The family study approach, particularly when employed with systematic community-based samples, is one of the most powerful strategies to minimize heterogeneity, since etiologic factors for the development of a particular disorder can be assumed to be relatively homotypic within famihes. There is a dearth of studies that have employed within-family designs to examine either phenotypic expression or some of the putative biologic factors underlying the major anxiety disorders. For example,both Perna et al. (1996,1995) and Coryell... 

It is likely that OCD is the end result of a number of etiologic factors—stress, illness, and genetic predisposition. Early stressful events (disruption of social environment secondary to moves, illnesses, etc.) have been associated with the onset of OCD in some cases. Over 50% of children and adolescents cite a precipitating event (Thomsen, 1995b). 

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