Inflammatory muscle disorders others

Other Inflammatory Muscle Disorders Endocrine Myopathies Thyroid Disorders Adrenal Disorders Pituitary Disorders Parathyroid Disorders Pancreatic Disorders Drug-Induced and Toxic Myopathies Management of Muscle Disease... 

Myositis may also have an infective basis. Viral myositis has been recorded in association with influenza and picomavirus infections, particularly those due to viruses of the Coxsackie group, and HIV infection is an increasingly common cause of myositis seen in routine practice. Fungal, bacterial, and parasitic myositis is seen much more rarely in North America and Europe than in tropical parts of the world, but in these regions these forms of infective myositis constitute a significant problem. In any survey of inflammatory muscle disorders, it is also necessary to consider other inflammatory conditions which affect muscle indirectly, but do not cause myositis in the strict sense of the word. In this group are to be found various forms of arteritis and fascitis and granulomatous conditions such as sarcoidosis. 

Atropine and other antimuscarinic drugs have been used to provide symptomatic relief in the treatment of urinary urgency caused by minor inflammatory bladder disorders (Table 8-3). However, specific antimicrobial therapy is essential in bacterial cystitis. In the human urinary bladder, M2 and M3 receptors are expressed predominantly with the M3 subtype mediating direct activation of contraction. As in intestinal smooth muscle, the M2 subtype appears to act indirectly by inhibiting relaxation by norepinephrine and epinephrine. 

The myopathy associated with chronic alcohol abuse has also been associated with increased free-radical activity (Martin and Peters, 1985) as have various other toxicity syndromes affecting muscle, such as cocaine toxity (Kloss et al., 1983). Little work appears to have been undertaken on the possible role of free radicals in the inflammatory myopathies, although, by analogy with other inflammatory disorders, this is likely to be an area worthy of further study. 

Pain, muscular weakness, cramps and ease of fatigue are the most usual symptoms of muscular disease. In most cases, it is diseases of the vascular or nervous system or problems with the processes providing energy within the muscle that are responsible for clinical problems with muscles. Other clinical problems include the muscular dystrophies, myotonic disorders, inflammatory myopathies and disorders of neuromuscular transmission (see Walton, 1996). The best known is Duchenne muscular dystrophy. 

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