Other Inflammatory Disorders

Based on the variety of roles that CXCR2 plays in neutrophil functions under inflammatory conditions, it has been proposed that this receptor is associated with 

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The myopathy associated with chronic alcohol abuse has also been associated with increased free-radical activity (Martin and Peters, 1985) as have various other toxicity syndromes affecting muscle, such as cocaine toxity (Kloss et al., 1983). Little work appears to have been undertaken on the possible role of free radicals in the inflammatory myopathies, although, by analogy with other inflammatory disorders, this is likely to be an area worthy of further study. 

The synthesis of selective CRTH2 receptor antagonists has been more extensively studied to develop them as potential clinical candidates for the treatment of allergy, asthma, or other inflammatory disorders (Fig. 10). Ramatroban, a TP receptor antagonist, clinically used in asthma and allergic rhinitis, was recently... 

Bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis, viral retinitis, toxoplasmosis, uveitis and other inflammatory disorders are among the posterior segment diseases amenable... 

Patents have issued for the use of amino-acid complexes [253], copper-metallothioneins [254], compositions of copper compounds mixed with fatty acids [253], copper complexes of D-penicillamine, alkylcysteines [256, 257] and copper complexes offatty acids alone or mixed with metallic copper [258]. Compositions of copper compounds mixed with fatty acids were also claimed to be useful in the treatment of other inflammatory disorders, including cardiovascular and thrombotic disorders, menstrual cycle disorders, diabetes, endometriosis, nutritional deficiencies and malignancies [255]. Scheinberg has also obtained a Food and Drug Administration approved Investigational New Drug application for the treatment of RA with the mixed-valence copper penicillamine complex (personal communication). Preparations of Cu(II)-(oleate) are currently being sold in Europe for topical treatment of RA and other inflammatory disorders under the trade names of Kupfer and Kupfer Forte, which contains fine particles of metallic copper [258]. 

Leaves and roots of the tropical shrubs Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq. and P. peltata (L.) Miq. (Piperaceae), locally known as pariparoba and hoja santamaria respectively, are widely used in the treatment of liver diseases and other inflammatory disorders not only by the local... 

Selective COX-2 inhibitor acts mainly on enzymes of cells involved in inflammation. Used in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory disorders. Tox GI toxicity, but less than that of aspirin and other NSAIDs. Rofecoxib is similar. 

A large body of evidence suggests a beneficial effect of MUFA in the diet. Although much remains to be learned about the mechanisms by which Cigu acts, it is believed to lower risks of CHD, several common cancers, cataracts, and other inflammatory disorders. It is suggested, therefore, that consuming MUFA, for instance in the form of olive oil as used widely in the Mediterranean diet, is likely to enhance long-term health. 

Since the introduction of cortisone (1) (1948) and hydrocortisone (2) (1951), adrenal-cortical hormones have remained an important and unreplaced dmg class. Though not without adverse effects, these compounds have continued to be the dmg of choice in the treatment of afflictions ranging from the moderate skin rash to severe acute inflammatory disorders, and are included in many other therapeutic regimes. 

Inflammatory disorders are due to hyperactivity of leukocytes and overexpression of their associated integrins, cytokines, and chemokines, which leads to various disorders including arthritis, bowel diseases and other chronic inflammations. 

In addition to those described above, some of the newest compounds emerging in SERM development are ER 3-selective ligands and pathway-selective modulators that target the interaction of the ERs with the transcription factor NFkB. While such compounds are in the early stages of clinical evaluation, thus far they demonstrate great potential for use in the treatment of inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and like other SERMs, cancer [4]. 

Other Inflammatory Muscle Disorders Endocrine Myopathies Thyroid Disorders Adrenal Disorders Pituitary Disorders Parathyroid Disorders Pancreatic Disorders Drug-Induced and Toxic Myopathies Management of Muscle Disease... 

Myositis may also have an infective basis. Viral myositis has been recorded in association with influenza and picomavirus infections, particularly those due to viruses of the Coxsackie group, and HIV infection is an increasingly common cause of myositis seen in routine practice. Fungal, bacterial, and parasitic myositis is seen much more rarely in North America and Europe than in tropical parts of the world, but in these regions these forms of infective myositis constitute a significant problem. In any survey of inflammatory muscle disorders, it is also necessary to consider other inflammatory conditions which affect muscle indirectly, but do not cause myositis in the strict sense of the word. In this group are to be found various forms of arteritis and fascitis and granulomatous conditions such as sarcoidosis. 

Mast cells express high-affinity IgE Fc receptors (FceRI) on their surface, contain cytoplasmic granules which are major sources of histamine and other inflammatory mediators, and are activated to release and generate these mediators by IgE-dependent and non-IgE-dependent mechanisms [1]. Disturbances either in the release of mast cell mediators or in mast cell proliferation are associated with clonal mast cell disorders including monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome (MMAS) and mastocytosis respectively, which are in turn associated with some cases of anaphylaxis [2], Molecular mechanisms have been identified which may link increased releasability of mast cell mediators and conditions leading to increased mast cell numbers [3]. Patients with mastocytosis have an increased risk to develop anaphylaxis [4, 5] and those with anaphylaxis may suffer from unrecognized mastocytosis or may display incomplete features of the disease [6-8]. 

If it is necessary to use systemic corticosteroids for long-term control therapy, once-daily or every-other-day therapy should be used and repeated attempts should be made to decrease the dose or discontinue the drug. Withdrawal of chronic therapy may precipitate adrenal failure or unmask underlying inflammatory disorders such as Churg-Strauss syndrome. 

Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species is described for many other brain disorders of inflammatory and noninflammatory nature. Some examples of such disorders are given below. Quick and Dugan [326] demonstrated superoxide-mediated damage of neurons... 

Fig. 1.5), while others hybrids showed ambiguous results. These compounds could be the prototypes of a new class of drugs, which may be useful in the therapy of gastric hypersecretion combined with inflammatory disorders. 

Juvenile chronic arthritis is defined as a group of systemic inflammatory disorders affecting children below the age of 16 years. Pharmacotherapy is aimed to reduce pain and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used. Ibuprofen is used at a dose of 30-40 mg/kg daily up to a maximum of 2.4 g. Other agents used include diclofenac at a dose of 1-3 mg/kg daily. 

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