Clinical diagnosis

Acetyl-i-carnitine (4) is marketed in Italy for dementia as of this writing it is also in Phase III clinical trials in the United States and Europe. In a double-blind, placebo-controUed clinical trial over a one-year period involving 130 patients with clinically diagnosed AD, a slower rate of deterioration in 13 of the 14 outcome measures was observed in the dmg-treated group (28). Earfler smaller scale pilot studies in demented patients had also shown some improvement of various behavioral and cognitive functions (29). 

Bacteria vaginosis. Clinically diagnosed by presence of three of the following ... 

With regard to the standardized multiaxial assessment, of the score of schemas that have been published (and reviewed by Mezzich, 1979), the ones that are currently most frequently seen are those included in the CIE-10 (World Health Organization, 1997) and the DSM-IV (APA, 1994). Although these systems vary in the number of axes they have, their contents do largely match up axis I (Clinical diagnoses) of the CIE-10 covers the contents of the first three axes of the DSM-IV axis II of the CIE-10 assesses the area of disabilities divided into four aspects (personal care, occupational, with the family, and social in general), and corresponds to axis V of the DSM-IV finally, axis III (Contextual factors) of the CIE-10 essentially matches axis IV of the DSM-IV. 

There are however problems with the concept of ADHD as a clinical disorder. In the USA the number of child prescriptions for methylphenidate rose by 500% in the mid-1990s (Maisto et al., 1998), while an even more dramatic rise in prescriptions from a near-zero baseline has occurred during this period in the UK. Although profitable for the pharmaceutical industry, the reasons for this dramatic increase in clinical diagnoses need to be uncovered. Possible sources include artificial food additives, junk foods or otherwise poor diets. Another is less appropriate modes of play, including computer... 

An increasingly sophisticated and precise diagnosis of disease, arising from a deeper, more differentiated understanding of pathology at the molecular level, that will subdivide today s clinical diagnoses into molecular subtypes, will foster medi-... 

For classification purposes, a patient is said to have rheumatoid arthritis if he or she has satisfied at least four of these seven criteria. Criteria 1 through 4 must be present for at least 6 weeks. Patients with two clinical diagnoses are not excluded Designation as classic definite, or probable rheumatoid arthritis is not to be made. 

I.A. Mjor, The location of clinically diagnosed secondary caries. Quintessence Int. 29 (1998) 313-317. 

Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ, Thorpy MJ, Bixler E, Manfredi R, Kales A, Vgontzas A, Stepanski E, Roth T et al. (1994) Clinical diagnoses in 216 insomnia patients using the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, DSM-IV and ICD-10 categories A report from the APA/NIMH DSM-IV field trial. Sleep 17 630-637... 

Unlike the Martyn et al. (1989) and McLachlan et al. (1996) studies, Michel et al. (1990) found increased risks of Alzheimer s disease in subjects living in areas with low aluminum concentrations in drinking water. This study examined 2,792 subjects at least 65 years of age living in South-Western France. Alzheimer s disease was clinically diagnosed. Aluminum concentrations in drinking water ranged from 0.01 to 0.16 mg/L for the 40 cases of probable Alzheimer s disease. The relative risks for probable Alzheimer s disease was 1.16 (significantly different from 1) for 0.01 mg/L and 4.52 for 0.1 mg/L. 

Forster DP, Newens AJ, Kay DWK, et al. 1995. Risk factors in clinically diagnosed presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type a case-control study in northern England. J Epidemiol Commun Health 49 253-258. 

The second example of integrated microsystems is for immunoassay [28,29, 47,48], Immunoassay is one of the most important analytical methods and is widely used in clinical diagnoses, environmental analyses, and biochemical studies because of its extremely high selectivity and sensitivity. Enzyme-linked immu-... 

Before the era of synuclein immunocytochemistry, Qualman et al. (1984) observed in a postmortem study LBs in the esophageal Auerbach plexus of two dysphagic PD patients but not in Meissner s plexus. Subsequently, Wakabayashi et al. (1988) reported LBs and LNs in both plexuses of clinically diagnosed PD patients and asymptomatic incidental cases. In the gut, the bulk of the proteins were observed in cellular processes and cell bodies of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIPergic) neurons (Wakabayashi et al., 1988,1993). 

MUjanovic B, Trivedi KA, Dana MR, et al. Relation between dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome in women. Am J Chn Nutr 2005 82 887-893. 

In many situations, the service package received by the patient varies, based on clinical diagnoses, laboratory tests, or other reasons. If this is the case, it is important to independently establish verifiable criteria for values that are above the minimum in order to prevent what has been called "di-agnosfic creep" (the tendency for providers to select higher-value packages). One way to do so is to maintain separate contracts for providers of laboratory diagnostic services or services that merit higher reimbursement values. 

Surveillance should be extended, or established, to collect information on clinical diagnoses of occupational disease, and should include the relative frequency of sensitiser-induced disease, irritant-induced disease, and work-exacerbated disease. 

Nine other studies involved subjects with anxiety symptomatology but not clinically diagnosed as an anxiety disorder. The first three of these used (+)-kavain, a synthetic kavalactone, and the remaining six studies used different kava preparations. With the exception of two studies (Scherer, 1998 Boerner, 2001), all used a double blind, placebo-controlled experimental design. 

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