Oral powders preparation

In oral medicines, kaolin has been used as a diluent in tablet and capsule formulations it has also been used as a suspending vehicle. In topical preparations, sterilized kaolin has been used in poultices and as a dusting powder. Therapeutically, kaolin has been used in oral antidiarrheal preparations. ... 

Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Guide (IV injections inhalations, ophthalmic preparations oral powders, solutions, suspensions, and syrups topical preparations). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients. 

Ci0H2iNO, Mr 171.28, mp 63 °C, is a white, crystalline powder which gives a physiological cooling sensation on skin or mucosa. It is mainly used to create cooling and freshness in oral care preparations [28b]. 

Didanosine is acid labile. To increase its absorption, some didanosine preparations (e.g. buffered tablets) have been formulated with antaeids. Additional concurrent antacids would not be expeeted to have any further clinically relevant effect on didanosine pharmaeokineties, although the US manufacturers of the oral powder for solution suggest that additional antacids may increase the adverse effects of the eomponents of this preparation (presumably both the antacid and didanosine components). 

Chitin and chitosan have been recommended as potential feed and food additives because of their useful functional properties. Though officially not approved for use in foods in the U.S., some aminopolysaccharides are part of the traditional diet of Eskimos as well as being present in different Oriental foods such as tempeh, sufu and even aged beef (5). In the nonpurified form, chitin is present in oyster shell powder which is used in animal feed as a source of calcium. Glucosamine, the monomeric unit of chitosan is used extensively in oral pharmaceutical preparations. 

Oral powders are preparations consisting of solid, loose, dry particles of varying degrees of fineness. They contain one or more active substances, with or without excipients and, if necessary, colouring matter (...) and flavouring substances. They are generally administered in or with water or another suitable liquid. They are presented as single-dose or multidose preparations [6]. 

It is usually not possible to prepare a capsule, oral powder or tablet from an active substance without the addition of any excipients. Firstly, the volume of the active substance is often very small a diluent is necessary in order to handle the powder mixture. Secondly, the active substance may not have good flow properties these can be improved by addition of a glidant. Another reason to use excipients is that a preparation, consisting only of an active substance, may not disintegrate well in the gastro-intestinal tract a disintegrating agent can improve this. Many excipients combine a number of such functions so the number of different excipients can be limited and the potential interactions between materials can be minimised [12]. The next sections... 

Solid oral divided dosage forms are prepared by dividing a mixture of the active substance and excipients evenly over a dosing mould, so every unit corresponds to one dose. In the case of capsules or oral powders, the powder is spread over the capsule shells or powder papers, respectively. Moulds should be filled evenly. Therefore, good flowability is required. 

Mass for oral powders is easy to prepare but time-consuming to divide. The solids are mixed together and subsequently the powder mixture is divided evenly over the powder papers. The same applies to cachets. The preparation of capsules is quick but somewhat more complex, because the powder mixture should have a fixed volume, which is determined beforehand. Next, the powder mixture has to be divided evenly over the capsule shells. The preparation of tablets is in this regard more complex. Tablets are made with a tableting machine (see Sect. 28.7.3 for some brands), which imposes extra requirements to the flowability of the powder mixture. To minimise flow and segregation problems, powder mixtures are often granulated before compression. 

Powders and granules for the preparation of oral solutions and suspensions generally conform to the definitions in the monographs on Oral powders or Granules as appropriate. They may contain excipients, in particular to facilitate dispersion or dissolution and to prevent caking. After dissolution or suspension, they comply with the requirements for oral solutions or oral suspensions, as appropriate. 

WS-3 is an almost odorless white powder with a cooling power of 1.5 times that of /-menthol and it is used as a cooling agent in tobacco, oral care preparations, cosmetics, confectionery, and pharmaceutical preparations. 

Bismuth subgaHate [12552-60-2] (basic bismuth gaHate), Dermatol, is a bright yellow powder that can be prepared by the interaction of bismuth nitrate and gaUic acid in an acetic acid medium. It has been employed as a dusting powder in some skin disorders and as an ingredient of suppositories for the treatment of hemorrhoids (183,185). It has been taken orally for many years by colostomy patients in order to control fecal odors, but the dmg may cause serious neurological problems (186). 

Capsules— These are primarily intended for oral administration and are solid preparations with hard or soft shells comprised of gelatin or hydrox-ypropyl methyl cellulose and small amounts of other ingredients such as plasticizers, fillers, and coloring agents. Their contents may be powders, granules, pellets, liquids, or pastes. 

For parenteral use, the antibiotic is packed in sterile vials as a powder (reconstituted before use) or suspension. For oral use it is prepared in any of the standard presentations, such as film-coated tablets. Searching tests are carried out on an appreciable number of random samples of the finished product to ensure that it satisfies the stringent quahty control requirements for potency, purity, freedom horn pyrogens and sterility. 

Enteral nutrition (EN) is broadly defined as delivery of nutrients via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This could include normal oral feeding as well as delivery of nutrients in a liquid form by a tube. Sometimes when the term enteral nutrition is used, only tube feedings are included hence the terms enteral nutrition and tube feedings are often used synonymously. The bulk of this chapter will include information regarding delivery of feedings via tubes. Formulas for EN usually are delivered in the form of commercially prepared liquid preparations, although some products are produced as powders for reconstitution. 

Oral pancreatic enzyme supplements are available as powders, uncoated or coated tablets, capsules, enteric-coated spheres and microspheres, or enteric-coated microtablets encased in a cellulose or gelatin capsule (Table 28-2). Microencapsulated enteric-coated products are not superior to recommended doses of conventional non-enteric-coated enzyme preparations. The quantity of active lipase delivered to the duodenum appears to be a more important determinant in pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy than the dosage form. GI side effects appear to be dose related but occur less frequently with enteric-coated products. 

Most ritual use has involved ingestion of the raw peyote by itself or in cold water soups prepared with dried powdered cactus buttons and fresh green cactus tops. The Huichol Indians in the western Sierra Madre in Mexico have also employed peyote enemas using a syringe of deer femur and a bulb of deer bladder. Informants claim that the enema infusion bypasses the traditional nausea and vomiting associated with oral ingestion and is favored by shamans with weak stomachs (11). 

The physical form of a material destined for oral administration often presents unique challenges. Liquids can be administered as supplied or diluted with an appropriate vehicle, and powders or particulates can often be dissolved or suspended in an appropriate vehicle. However, selection of an appropriate vehicle is often difficult. Water and oil (such as the vegetable oils) are used most commonly. Materials that are not readily soluble in either water or oil can frequently be suspended in a 1% aqueous mixture of methylcellulose. Occasionally, a more concentrated methylcellulose suspension (up to 5%) may be necessary. Materials for which appropriate solutions or suspensions cannot be prepared using one of these three vehicles often present major difficulties. 

An antibiotic for oral suspension, following reconstitution of the dry powder, contains in each 5 mL, 250 mg of the drug in package sizes to prepare 100 mL, 150 mL, or 200 mL of suspension. Which package size should be dispensed for a 20-kg child prescribed to take 50 mg/kg/day total, q.i.d. in divided doses, for a period of 10 days ... 

Methyldihydromorphinone. A solution of 2 g of methyldihydrocodeinone in 10 cc of 48% hydrobromic acid is boiled for 25 min. The solution is then diluted with water, made strongly alkaline, and extracted with ether. Add ammonium chloride to precipitate the phenolic product, 1.7 g of brown powder. Sublime (see glossary for instructions) in a high vacuum at 180° to get 1.4 g of white crystals of methyldihydromorphinone. Recrystallize from alcohol to get pure, long needles, mp 243-245°. The hydrochloride form is prepared, as usual, in dry ethanol and recrystallized from the same. This drug is sometimes called Metopon and is active orally. 

Preparation and administration of orai suspension - Take on an empty stomach 1 hour before a meal. The powder for oral suspension is supplied as unit-dose packets containing an immediate-release formulation of omeprazole. 

Proquin XR Proquin XR and other oral formulations of ciprofloxacin are not interchangeable. Proquin XR should be administered orally once daily for 3 days with a main meal of the day, preferably the evening meal. Proquin XR should be administered at least 4 hours before or 2 hours after antacids containing magnesium or aluminum, sucralfate, Videx (didanosine) chewable/buffered tablets or pediatric powder, metal cations such as iron, and multivitamin preparations containing zinc. Pragy/n XR tablets should be taken whole and never split, crushed, or chewed. 

Administer oral doses of moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after antacids containing magnesium or aluminum, sucralfate, metal cations such as iron, multivitamin preparations with zinc, or didanosine (chewable/buffered tablets or pediatric powder for oral solution). 

The use of enzymes as digestive aids is only applied under specific medical circumstances. Some medical conditions (e.g. cystic fibrosis) can result in compromised digestive function due to insufficient production/secretion of endogenous digestive enzymes. Digestive enzyme preparations are often formulated in powder (particularly tablet) form, and are recommended to be taken orally immediately prior to or during meals. As the product never enters the blood... 

Laxative effect. Seed hull, taken orally by adults at a dose of 7 g/person, increased weekly fecal mass without influencing transit time or frequency . Seedcoat, administered orally to 80 patients at a dose of 6.4 g/person three times daily, was active in a blinded placebo controlled study of efficacy of extract in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome " . Water extract of the dried kernel, administered orally to 40-year-old adults of both sexes, was active . Seed powder, administered orally to adults of both sexes, was active. Biological activity reported has been patented ". Dried seeds, administered orally to adults at a dose of 0.5 g/person, were active. Placing the seeds in water increased their volume, 90% alcohol produced a decrease in volume to normal seed size, and linseed oil had no effect on volume. The seed mucilage remained in gel form and is considered preferable to the solid form because it is more easily digested " . Dried seed powder, administered orally to 35 patients with chronic constipation at a dose of 50 mg/person, was active in a controlled, double-blind study " . Fiber, administered orally to adults, was active. Psyllium fiber and sennosides were prepared into a wafer to be... 

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