Insufficient production

Insulin is a peptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that regulates glucose metabolism in the body. Insufficient production of insulin or failure of insulin to stimulate target sites in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue leads to the serious metabolic disorder known as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes afflicts millions of people worldwide. Diabetic individuals typically exhibit high levels of glucose in the blood, but insulin injection therapy allows diabetic individuals to maintain normal levels of blood glucose. 

The use of enzymes as digestive aids is only applied under specific medical circumstances. Some medical conditions (e.g. cystic fibrosis) can result in compromised digestive function due to insufficient production/secretion of endogenous digestive enzymes. Digestive enzyme preparations are often formulated in powder (particularly tablet) form, and are recommended to be taken orally immediately prior to or during meals. As the product never enters the blood... 

Cretinism A congenital syndrome of mental retardation, decreased metabolism, and impaired physical development secondary to insufficient production of thyroid hormones. 

In Ukraine some people have doubts as to possibility to use straw and stems for energy purposes. It can be explained by insufficient productivity of agriculture, big losses, and burning of straw on fields, absence of stems storing. 

Gene Therapy Insufficient production of insulin in the body is often caused by deficiencies in the genes of the patient. If these genes could be replaced, the sickness could be cured. The technique is being tried out in the lab, but so far with little success. 

We faced the problem of the poor solubility of most N-protected amino aldehydes in water, which might account for the low reactivity observed with D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle (RAMA) (14, 15, 19-21). Increasing the percentage of organic co-solvent (e.g. dimethylformamide) in the medium to make the aldehyde soluble may lead to either a dramatic enzyme deactivation [22] or an insolubilization of the donor (e.g. dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and DHAP sodium salt). As a result, no reaction or insufficient product yields are often obtained. 

The development of proteins as therapeutics prior to the 1980s suffered from some major limitations. In some instances, concentration of the desired protein in the sonrce material was low, rendering its isolation and purification laborious and expensive. In other cases, the ability to produce sufficient quantities of some proteins was limited by the availability of starting material, resulting in insufficient production to meet the needs of the patient population. Aside from the quantitative limitations, the presence of infectious agents, mainly viruses, in the tissues and biological fluids of humans and animals posed the risk of infection to the patients. All protein drugs suffered from one or all of these drawbacks (Snape, 1991). 

Vitamin D and its metabolites play an important role in the maintenance of extracellular calcium concentrations and in normal skeletal structure and mineralization. Vitamin D is necessary for the optimal absorption of calcium and phosphorus. On a worldwide basis, the most common cause of hypocalcemia is nutritional vitamin D deficiency. In malnourished populations, manifestations include rickets and osteomalacia. Nutritional vitamin D deficiency is uncommon in Western societies because of the fortification of miUc with ergocalciferol. " The most common cause of vitamin D deficiency in Western societies is gastrointestinal disease. Gastric surgery, chronic pancreatitis, small-bowel disease, intestinal resection, and bypass surgery are associated with decreased concentrations of vitamin D and its metabolites. Vitamin D replacement therapy may need to be administered by the intravenous route if poor oral bioavailability is noted. Decreased production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may occur as a result of a hereditary defect resulting in vitamin D-dependent rickets. It also can occur secondary to chronic renal insufficiency if there is insufficient production of the 1 -a -hydroxylase enzyme for the... 

The physiological activity of acetylcholine relies on local release, stimulation of the receptor, then rapid hydrolysis (deacetylation) by acetylcholinesterase, which results in deactivation. The indole alkaloid physostigmine, from the West African calabar bean, and the relatively simple synthetic compound pyridostigmine, which has a more obvious relationship to choline, are reversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. Controlled inhibition of the enzyme by such drugs, which results in a build-up of ACh, is useful in conditions such as myasthenia gravis, a muscle weakness, which is caused by insufficient production of ACh. 

Hyperthyroidism describes overactive thyroid tissue with increased circulation of plasma T3 and T4, and where TSH will be low in primary hyperthyroidism in hypothyroidism there is insufficient production of thyroid hormones and this is accompanied by increased TSH as the APT strives to increase hormone production. 

Steatorrhea also may be caused by insufficient production or secretion of bile salts. Therefore, Michael Sichel might also develop this condition. 

Iodine and thyroid hormones affect all stages of human development, from in utero life to adulthood. Iodine deficiency leads to insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which play a vital role in the process of early growth and development of many organs. During pregnancy, both maternal and fetal thyroid hormones are required for normal fetal brain development. Of them, maternal hormones constitute the main source in the first and the second trimesters, whereas the contribution of fetal hormones becomes more important in the third trimester (de Escobar et aL, 1985 Vulsma et ai, 1989). Many studies indicate that iodine deficiency and iodine-induced maternal-fetal hypothyroxinemia result in impairment of central nervous system (CNS) development during fetal and early postnatal life. 

Inborn errors of p-cell metabolism can cause excessive or insufficient production of insuiin... 

Addison s disease is a rare, potentially fatal condition due to insufficient production of both aldosterone and cortisol caused by atrophy of the adrenal glands. It is characterised by low blood pressure, loss of sodium, weight loss and pigmentation of mucosal membranes. Adrenocortical insufficiency also results from pituitary failure with loss of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) production. 

Inborn errors of metabolism Human mutations that result in specific derangements of intermediary metabolism. Usually the problem is an enzyme that is inactive, over-active, too scarce, or too abundant symptoms may result from the insufficient production of a necessary metabolite and/ or from the accumulation of another metabolite to toxic levels. 

In view of the fact that a diet rich in carbohydrates has antiketogenic properties, it was assumed thsit fats are burned in the fire of the carbohydrate, and that the accumulation of acetyl CoA results from insufficient production of oxaloacetate. Because of these low levels of oxaloacetate, citric acid condensation from oxaloacetate and 2-carbon compounds is not possible. 

The pharmacist not only has to manage risks of insufficient product quality or loss of availability, but also other risks, such as health risks of his personnel or financial risks. EU GMP focuses on the risks to product quality. QRM is an element of the Quality Management System in parallel to requirements of EU GMP Chap. 1 (see Sect. 21.6.1). Even though e.g. health and safety of the operators and environmental risks are equally important in a societal perspective, these considerations, from a GMP viewpoint, have to be taken care of in other ways. For an illustration of this opinion, compare the warning for pharmaceutical inspectors Inspectors should be cautious when reviewing assessments which include other business-related risks (e.g. environmental, occupational health safety) in addition to quali risk assessments. As whilst these factors are important in a holistic sense there is a danger that they may compromise quality [7]. 

The risks associated with new projects may include use of hazardous substances insufficient product data faulty electrical equipment poor access/egress poor ergonomics noisy equipment poorly guarded machinery imported equipment/materials lack of risk assessment lack of training/awareness on behalf of management, supervision and employees poor environmental control inadequate emergency procedures inadequate maintenance considerations poor construction methods little or no consideration of waste disposal/demolition. 

Partial agonists would be expected to generate insufficient productive binding energy to ensure stimulation of an adequate fraction of the receptor pool for a maximum biological response. Thus the equilibrium constant given by... 

On the subject of skin photosensitivity it is fitting to mention porphyria, which belongs to a group of inherited or acquired disorders of certain enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway. The main problem with porphyria is the accumulation of porphyrins, which are the heme precursors in the body. While porphyrins are non-toxic at biologically relevant concentrations, they become toxic to tissue at high concentration. Deficiency in the enzymes of the porphyrin biosynthetic pathway leads to insufficient production of heme, which plays a central role in cellular metabolism, and accumulation of porphyrins. The high concentration of porphyrins manifests itself by either neurological complications or by skin problems. The presence of porphyrins in the skin in porphyria patients is therefore akin to skin photosensitivity in PDT. 

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