Solid preparation

Tellurium tetrafluoride, Tep4 m.p. 130 C. Colourless deliquescent solid prepared SeF4 plus TeOj. Hydrolysed by water. 

Vanadium tetrafluoride, VF4. Green solid prepared HF on VCI4. Forms hexa-fluorovanadate(IV) ion (VFa) ". VOF2 formed by hydrolysis. 

There appears to be only one true oxide of iodine, diiodine pentoxide, IjOs- It is a white solid prepared by heating iodic acid(V) to 450 K ... 

Although the orange-yellow solid prepared by Bartlett (p. 892) was originally formulated as Xe+[PtF6] , it was subsequently found to have the variable composition XefPtFe), x lying between 1 and 2. The material has still not been fully characterized but probably contains both [XeF]+[PtF6] and [XeF]+[Pt2Fi,]-. 

Capsules— These are primarily intended for oral administration and are solid preparations with hard or soft shells comprised of gelatin or hydrox-ypropyl methyl cellulose and small amounts of other ingredients such as plasticizers, fillers, and coloring agents. Their contents may be powders, granules, pellets, liquids, or pastes. 

XRD analysis of the solid product showed three main peaks at 28.5 , 47.4 and 56.3 , which indicated that pure crystalline CuCl was formed [3]. Several well-known dispersants polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), sodium hexameta phosphate (SHP), the sodium salt of EDTA (EDTA-Na), sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), were introduced to obtain a highly dispersed catalyst. The X-ray patterns obtained with these were basically the same as the patterns obtained with the solids prepared in the other experiments described here. 

Fig. 11.5 Plates for the assessment of bacteriostatic effect of semi-solid preparations A, cup-plate B, ditch-plate.

Softened water is often used for washing containers before filling with liquid or semi-solid preparations and for cooling systems. Unless precautions are taken, the microbial count in a cooling system or jacketed vessel will rise rapidly and if faults develop in the cooling plates or vessel wall, contamination of the product may occur. 

Catalysts come in a multitude of forms, varying from atoms and molecules to large structures such as zeolites or enzymes. In addition they may be employed in various surroundings in liquids, gases or at the surface of solids. Preparing a catalyst in the optimum form and studying its precise composition and shape are an important specialism, which we describe in later chapters. 

Issues relating to chemical incompatibility and instability may be less significant for solid dosage forms compared with liquid and semi-solid preparations. 

The solid, prepared in liquid ammonia, explodes when free of ammonia and exposed to air. 

Figure 1.6 Top Low-temperature nitrogen adsorption ( ) and desorption (x) isotherms measured on a calcined SBA-15 mesoporous silica solid prepared using an EO20PO70EO20 block copolymer [54]. Bottom Pore size distribution derived from the adsorption isotherm reported at the top [54]. A high surface area (850 m2/g), a uniform distribution of cylindrical nanopores (diameter —90 A), and a large pore volume (1.17 cm3/g) were all estimated from these data. These properties make this material suitable for use as support in the preparation of high-surface-area solid catalysts. (Reproduced with permission from The American Chemical Society.)...

Lozenges and troehes are solid preparations designed to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth their base is usually flavored and sweetened. Examples of eom-pounded troehes include anesthetic (lidocaine), hormonal (testosterone), analgesie (ketamine), and antifungal (nystatin) preparations (Table 2). 

The earliest applications for quantitative analysis of liquid samples and solid preparations entailed sample dissolution in an appropriate solvent. A number of moisture determinations in APIs and pharmaceutical preparations based on both reflectance and transmission measurements have been reported. Their results are comparable to those of the KF method. The high sensitivity provided by the NIR technique has fostered its use in the determination of moisture in freeze-dried pharmaceuticals. ° The noninvasive nature of NIR has been exploited in determination of moisture in sealed glass vials. " " ... 

Yu L. Amorphous pharmaceutical solids preparation, characterization and stabilization. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001 48 27-42. 

Solid preparations intrinsically labeled prior to precipitation [i.e., CaC03, Ca oxalate (CaC204), TCP, HA, and CCM], spinach and kale grown hydroponically and labeled via a nutrient solution during growth... 

For practical purposes it is often beneficial to use a heterogeneous system with the enzyme as a solid preparation which easily can be separated from the product in the liquid phase. Solid enzyme preparatiorrs can conveniently be used in packed bed and stirred tank reactors. As in other cases with heterogeneous catalysis, mass trarrsfer limitations can reduce the overall reaction rate, but usually this is no major problem. 

Are solid preparation consisting mainly of sugar and gum and ensures slow release of medicaments and generally used for local action e.g. cough remedies - Strepcils, Vocacil. 

Suppositories are conical or ovoid shape solid preparation made up of fat (cocoa butter oil or theobroma oil), a wax or a glycerine-gelatin jelly. They are used for insertion into the rectum, where they melt, dissolve and disperse and exert their action - local as well as systemic. 

Jellies are transparent or translucent, non-greasy medicated semi-solid preparation used externally, sometime containing local anaesthetic agent also e.g. Lignocaine jelly. 

Liniments are liquid, semi-liquid and some-times semi-solid preparation used externally on the skin. Liniments are counter-irritant and stimulating type and are massaged or rubbed into the skin, and must not be applied to the broken skin e.g. liniment turpentine. 

Pastes are semi-solid preparation for external application that differ from similar products (i.e. ointment) in containing a high proportion of finely powdered medicaments. 

Various metal alkoxides are ideal starting materials for the preparation of metal (hydrous) oxides by the described aerosol techniques, because many of these compounds are in the liquid state at room temperature, easily vaporized, and exceedingly reactive with water vapor. Additional advantage is the purity of the resulting powders, because the only products of the chemical reactions are the metal (hydrous) oxide and alcohol. The particles are, therefore, free of impurities, such as various ions, normally present in solids prepared from different salts. 

Additives are all formulation constituents other than the active ingredient. Although additives could be classified into excipients and vehicles (excipients for solid preparations and vehicles for liquid ones), there are several other agents used in pharmaceutical formulations with specific functions such as preservatives, sweeteners, coatings, colorants, antioxidants, surfactants, emulsifying agents, and flavors. Since they comprise a vast amount of products, this section will deal with additives for compounding pharmaceutical products for internal use only [17,18]. 

A. It is confusing because the term is often used to refer to various preparations derived from Salvia. Technically, in pharmacy and medicine the dictionary definition of an extract is a solid preparation obtained by evaporating a solution of a drug. There is also such a thing as a fluid extract (or tincture), which is a concentrated liquid preparation containing a definite proportion of the active principles of a medicinal substance. The solvent usually used is ethyl alcohol or a mixture of ethyl alcohol and water. However various Salvia preparations are often referred to (loosely) as extracts. Q. What are the advantages of using extracts . 

The pore volume and surface area of sol-PILB-Cn samples are closer to those of the corresponding MCM41 solid prepared with silica fume and the same surfactant used in the preparation of sol-PILB-Cn, rather than to that of sol PILB. For example, the total pore volume and BET specific surface area of sol-PILB-C16 are 0.84 cm3/g and 756 m2/g, respectively, much larger than those for sol-PILB, 0.24 cm3/g and 404 m2/g, but comparable to those for MCM41-C16, 0.94 cm3/g and 790 m2/g. These results suggest that treatment with surfactants of quaternary ammonium salts alters the structure of the sol pillared clay radically. 

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