Oral feeding

Health and Safety Factors. Butyrolactone is neither a skin irritant nor a sensiti2er however, it is judged to be a severe eye irritant in white rabbits. The acute oral LD q is 1.5 ml,/kg for white rats or guinea pigs. Subacute oral feeding studies were carried out with rats and with dogs. At levels up... 

It is common practice to discontinue oral feedings during an attack of acute pancreatitis. In theory, discontinuation of oral intake will decrease the secretory functions of the pancreas and minimize further complications from the disease. Some patients can be fed with minimal oral intake. Tube feeding delivered via a nasojejunal tube will feed the patient beyond the ampulla of Vater, minimizing stimulation of the pancreas.15,16 If oral intake is discontinued for a protracted period, total parenteral nutrition must be used to maintain adequate nutrition.17,18... 

Cholelithiasis can develop as a result of decreased gallbladder contractility, especially in the absence of enteral or oral intake. Lack of intestinal stimulation reduces secretion of cholecys-tokinin, a peptide hormone secreted in the duodenum that induces gallbladder contractility. The best prevention of cholelithiasis is early initiation of enteral or oral feeding, as stated earlier (to stimulate secretion of cholecystokinin, gallbladder contraction and emptying, and intestinal motility). 

Enteral nutrition (EN) is broadly defined as delivery of nutrients via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This could include normal oral feeding as well as delivery of nutrients in a liquid form by a tube. Sometimes when the term enteral nutrition is used, only tube feedings are included hence the terms enteral nutrition and tube feedings are often used synonymously. The bulk of this chapter will include information regarding delivery of feedings via tubes. Formulas for EN usually are delivered in the form of commercially prepared liquid preparations, although some products are produced as powders for reconstitution. 

The absence of information on results of chronic oral feeding studies of PAH mixtures and the lack of a representative PAH mixture for test purposes... 

Akamatsu, Y., Ikegami, R., Watanabe, K.. and Kikui, M. (1968). Amyloidosis in senile C57BL mice by oral feeding of 3-methylcholanthrene in olive oil solution, Gann 59,489. 

Since potassium is found abundantly in most natural foods consumed by animals, deficiency is ordinarily no problem. With prolonged maintenance through parenteral (intravenous) feeding when normal oral feeding is not possible, potassium must be supplied. 

Matsuzaki T, Yamazaki R, Hashimoto S, Yokokura T The effect of oral feeding of Lactobacillus casei strain Shiroto on immunoglobulin E production in mice. J Dairy Sci 1998 81 48-53. 

Carbaryl experiments with guinea pigs were inconclusive. Robens reported slight embryotoxicity with vertebral malformations at 300 mg/kg/day, p.c. days 11 to 20. Weil et al. (1973) found neither embryotoxic nor teratogenic effects by oral feeding (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg/day), or by Intubation (30, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) p.c., days 10 to 24. 

Recognizing the possibility of potential hazard, the FDA studied the toxicity of about 200 of the approximately 1100 flavoring substances in use at that time (8.9). Those selected were most widely used and had structures similar to compounds of known toxicity or were suspected of being toxic. The various oral feeding studies were done in several species for acute to short-term (90 to 120 days) or for chronic testing periods. These studies in part served as a basis for FDA listing a number of... 

As the BN rat has an atopic-like phenotype, which might result in relatively high IgE antibody production, the BN was considered to be a promising species for the development of an oral feeding protocol. Various approaches with BN rats have been described using different routes and duration of exposure and in the presence or absence of adjuvants (Atkinson and Miller, 1994 Atkinson et al., 1996 Miller et al., 1999). The oral sensitization to food proteins was studied in Brown Norway (BN)... 

The agency also considered the toxic effects that result from chronic exposure to chemical substances. The results of chronic oral feeding studies of 2-years duration on 220 compounds have shown that only five of the 220 chemicals exhibited toxic effects below 1 mg/kg. All five of the chemicals that were toxic at levels below 1 mg/kg, on a dietary basis, were pesticides, compounds that would, based on their pesticidal activity, be expected to be more toxic than most substances (Frawley, 1967). However, even among these 5 pesticides, none exhibited toxic effects at dietary concentrations below 0.1 mg/kg. 

In recent years, many studies demonstrated that topical application or oral feeding of a polyphenolic fraction from tea extract, or catechin derivatives, had anticarcino-genic effects in animal skin and other organs. ... 

Recently, several studies have found that black tea and green tea offered protection against oxidative damage to red blood cells induced by a variety of inducers, such as hydrogen peroxide, primaquine, 2,2 -azo-fc (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), phenylhydrazine, copper-ascorbic acid, and the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. Recently, we found that oral feeding of green tea leaves to rats resulted in enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in serum and catalase activity in liver and an increased concentration of glutathione in the liver. ... 

Acute toxicity of PCDEs has been studied in guinea pig, rabbit, rat, and trout [13, 81-83], Guinea pig is quite sensitive to PCDEs. Lethal doses of tetra- through hexaCDEs were between 0.05 g kg-1 and 0.1 g kg-1 after 30 days in a single dose oral feeding study [12, 13]. Repeated oral feeding (20 doses) of rabbits with hexaCDEs have caused liver injuries at 0.001 g kg1 (1 mg kg-1) dose [12,13]. 

The potential for interaction with genetic material (and therefore risk of carcinogenicity) can be investigated using bacterial and mammalian gene mutation assays and chromosomal aberration assays. The parent CDs do not exhibit mutagenic behavior in any of these assays, and there have been no reports of tumors in oral feeding studies or in the parenteral administration of any of the parent CDs. 

GAB-88 is an infusion solution containing amino acids (3%), dextrose (7.5%), and electrolytes in a dual-chamber plastic bag. It has been evaluated in 39 non-operative patients who were unable to tolerate oral feeding or to take adequate amounts by mouth (1). When it was given in a daily dose of 1.0-2.5 liters for 7-19 days, there was an improvement in nutritional status without obvious adverse effects. There was mild vascular pain in four patients, but no phlebitis. There were no other clinically significant adverse reactions. 

Oral feeding of bovine LF (1 mg/ml) led to an increase in the probiotic species bifidobacteria in infant gut (Roberts et at., 1992). Several such infant formulas are marketed in Japan under brand names such as Hagu-kumi, Chilmil Ayumi, Non-Lact, E-Akachan, GP-P, and New-NA-20-Morinaga. The consumption of such formulas may result in anti-infection, improvement of orogastrointestinal microflora, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, and antioxidation (Wakabayashi et al., 2006). 

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