Cooling agents

Since ice water is the cheapest and most convenient cooling agent... 

The second important component is the cooling agent or reactor coolant which extracts the heat of fission for some usefiil purpose and prevents melting of the reactor materials. The most common coolant is ordinary water at high temperature and high pressure to limit the extent of boiling. Other coolants that have been used are Hquid sodium, sodium—potassium alloy, helium, air, and carbon dioxide (qv). Surface cooling by air is limited to unreflected test reactors or experimental reactors operated at very low power. 

Types of combustibles, e.g. resulting in surface fires for which inerting or an inhibiting agent may be best, or deep-seated combustion requiring a cooling agent, e.g. water. 

Water is a commonly used cooling agent in power plants. Repeat Problem 10 considering one kilogram of water instead of sodium. Contrast the results for these two coolants. 

K oxalate was used as a cooling agent in mining expls such as Oxalate Blasting Powder (see in this Vol) and Gelatine-Prosperit (see in Vol 6, G52)... 

When perchlorate expls are used in gaseous mines, a cooling agent must be incorporated. 

Ajax Powder, Herculite, Neonals, etc,have Amm oxalate as a cooling agent... 

These dyes are mixed to the extent of about 50% with a fuel such as lactose (20%) and an oxidizer (30%) for which K chlorate is preferred. If the mixts should still burn too hot (and thereby destroy the dye), Na or K bicarbonate are added as cooling agents. Colored smoke compns are usually used in a compressed state without a binder... 

VI. Van Gasselt, M. L. G., and Van Meel, D. A., Research on the influence of the conditions of flow, subcooling and composition, on the burnout heat flux of polyphenyl reactor cooling agents, EUR 2299e (1965). 

Interstellar dust is also important for the formation and development of stars. Although the dust particle component is only a minor one in ISM, it acts as a cooling agent for collapsing clouds, thus preventing the buildup of an effective thermodynamic counterpressure. 

As the Earth s tectonic plates drift apart, a new oceanic crust is formed from the basalt rising from the depths cold sea water acts as a cooling agent. Geologists distinguish between two types of hydrothermal systems (Holm, 1992) ... 

It is relatively difficult to find details of cooling agents, but try T. P. Coultate s, Food The Chemistry of its Components (fourth edition), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2002, p. 241. 

Physiological cooling agents, 24 525-526 Physiological effects, of hydrogen peroxide, 14 60-61... 

It is assumed that the compressor is powered by electric motors. When using alternative cooling agents, such as a neon-helium mix, more efficient turbo compressors could be used for the cooling cycle, which can be powered using gas or steam turbines (Quack, 2001). 

---