Operational Performance

Improvement to gas turbine efficiencies is a general goal of manufacturers. It further enhances the attractiveness of 

Ceramic materials that retain structural integrity to temperatures in the 2100 to 2400°F range have been the subject of research and development for many years. Researchers have in fact created small radial inflow turbines from structural ceramic material for possible use in automotive gas turbines. These experimental units have shown favorable properties in laboratory tests. However, several practical considerations pose potential stumbling blocks to their use in commercial systems, such as coefficients of expansion that are substantially different from those of the metals used in gas turbine construction. One may expect to find ceramic materials in use in industrial gas turbines in the future, first on 

---

The prototype of verification system of ultrasonic flaw detector developed is described in the scheme given in figure 2. The verification operators performed with the system are as much automated as possible. The level of automatization is limited by the necessity of human reading of information on flaw detector screen, or other operations as manual adjustment of flaw detector settings. 

Buoyant Effect of Air. Weighing operations performed m vacuo are not affected by buoyancy forces. An object in air, however, is subject to a buoyancy force that is equal and opposite to the gravitational force on the mass of air the object displaces (10). If the equal arm balance of Figure 1 is in balance with a test weight of mass, in one pan, and material of mass, m, in the other, m = m if they have the same density. If the densities are different, then the buoyancy forces acting on each pan affect the result. Taking moments about the center pivot point gives... 

Nonwoven bonding processes iatedock webs or layers of fibers, filaments, or yams by mechanical, chemical, or thermal means. The extent of bonding is a significant factor ia determining fabric strength, dexibiUty, porosity, density, loft, and thickness. Bonding is normally a sequential operation performed ia tandem with web formation, but it is also carried out as a separate and distinct operation. 

Desalting is a water-washing operation performed at the production field and at the refinery site for additional cmde oil cleanup. If the petroleum from the separators contains water and dirt, water washing can remove much of the water-soluble minerals and entrained soflds. If these cmde oil contaminants are not removed, they can cause operating problems duting refinery processiag, such as equipment plugging and corrosion as well as catalyst deactivation. 

Based on the results of the Solar One plant. Southern California Edison formed a consortium that included DOE and EPRI to constmct a Solar Two Project. Solar Two will convert the idle Solar One central receiver plant from a water/steam system to a molten salt system, thereby improving efficiency and operating performance. With the molten salt technology, solar energy can be collected during the day and stored in the salt to produce electricity when needed. The three-year demonstration is scheduled to begin in late 1996. 

Determination of Adsorptive Capacity of Carbon by Isotherm Technique Determining Operating Performance of Granular Activated Carbon... 

There are four stages preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment processes, which differ mainly by the number of operations performed on the waste steams (2,3). 

System Curves In addition to the pump design, the operational performance of a pump depends upon factors such as the downstream load characteristics, pipe friction, and valve performance. Typically, head and flow follow the following relationship ... 

Generahzed correlations are available for each of the operations which make up the full filter cycle. This means that simulated operating conditions can be varied to obtain a maximum of information without requiring an excessive number of test runs. The minimum number of test runs required for a given feed will, of course, vary with the expertise of the experimenter and the number of operations performed during the filter cycle. If, for example, the operation invdves only the dewatering of a slurry which forms a cake of relatively low to moderate porosity, frequently sufficient data can be obtained in as little as six runs. For more difficult tests, more runs are usually advisable, and the novice certainly should make a larger number of runs as there is likely to be more data scatter. 

This is a very useful nomogram to determine the performance of a motor with the help of only no-load and short-circuit test results. In slip-ring motors, it also helps to determine the external resistance required in the rotor circuit to control the speed of the motor and achieve the desired operating performance. Slip-ring motors are discussed in Chapter 5. The concept behind this nomogram is that the locus of the rotor and the stator currents is a circle. Consider the equivalent circuit of an induction motor as shown in Figure 1.15, where... 

Bindon, F.J.L., CEGB Magnox gas-eooled reactor operating performance 1962-1980, Nucl. Energy, 1981, 20, 127 132. 

Corrective Action Application Case 1 - A spill occurred at the Houston Chemical Company (located in Texas County, Missouri) in June 1979 (U.S. EPA, 1984). An estimated 15,000 gallons of a 5 percent solution of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in diesel oil was released as shown in Figure 27. The emergency physical cleanup operations performed at the site were ... 

What chemicals can be used for bed regeneration and how is this operation performed ... 

Efficiency The effectiveness of the operational performance of an ion ex- changer. Efficiency in the adsorption of ions is expressed as the quantity of regenerant required to effect the removal of a specified unit weight of adsorbed material, for example, pounds of acid per kilogram of salt removed. 

A safety and health risk analysis for eaeh task and operation performed on site [OSHA Referenee, 120(b)(4)(ii)(A)]... 

Are Are watehers on duty during, and for at least a half hour after eompletion of, hot work operations performed in the vieinity of eombustible materials or in loeations where eonditions eould result in other than a minor Are [OSHA Referenee. 252(a)(2)(iii)]... 

Support of analyses designed to improve operator performance. 

Williams, J. C., 1989, A Data-Based Method for Assessing and Reducing Human Error to Improve Operational Performance, Proceedings of the 1988 IEEE Fourth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants, Monterey, CA, June 5-9, pp 436-450, IEEE. 

The standard requires tends in quality, operational performance (productivity, costs of poor quality, efficiency, effectiveness) and current quality levels for key product and service features to be documented. 

This requirement is similar to that in clause 4.14.3 under Preventive action since the data collected for preventive action serves a similar purpose. In one case an analysis of company-level data serves to identify overall trends and predict potential failures that will affect achievement of the goals. In the preventive action case, the data serves to identify local and overall trends and predict potential failures that will affect achievement of specified requirements for the product, process, and quality system. It would be sensible to develop a data collection and analysis system that serves all levels in the organization, with criteria at each level for reporting data upwards as necessary. You should not treat this requirement separately from that for preventive action since the same data should be used. However, the explanation given in clause 4.1.5 of Operational performance does include some factors that may not be addressed in your preventive action procedures. 

In what documents are trends in quality and operational performance recorded ... 

Design validation may take the form of qualification tests which stress the product up to and beyond design limits - beta tests where products are supplied to several typical users on trial in order to gather operational performance data, performance trials, and reliability and maintainability trials where products are put on test for prolonged periods to simulate usage conditions. 

Although OSDs can be used to optimize general operator performance, they are limited to the extent that they can identify human errors. 

One example of a particularly hazardous type of consequence in the second category is where, because of misdiagnosis, the operator performs some alternative task other than that required by the system. For example, a rise of pressure in a reactor may be interpreted as being the result of a blockage in an output line, which would lead to attempts to clear the line. If, instead, it... 

Kontogiarmis, T., Lucas, D. (1990). "Operator Performance Under High Stress An Evaluation of Cognitive Modes, Case Studies and Coimtermeasures." Report No. R90/03 prepared for the Nuclear Power Engineering Test Center, Tokyo. Human Reliability Associates, Dalton, Wigan, Lancashire, UK. 

Arbeit,/. work, labor working fermentation task, job workmanship piece of work, (scientific) investigation paper, article, arbeiten, v.i. work operate ferment (of wood) warp.—v.t. work, operate perform, make. — arbeitend, p.a. working, active. 

A typical operating specific speed curve is shown in Figure 3-50 and represents a technique for plotting the specific speed on the operating performance curve. Figure 3-50 represents a 6-inch pump operating at 1760 rpm, with maximum efficiency at 1480 GPM and 132 feet head [25]. The operating specific speed is zero at no flow and increases to infinity at the maximum flow of 2270 gpm and zero head. Stable operations beyond about 1600-1700 gpm cannot be planned from such a curve with a sharp cutoff drop for head capacity. 

---