Overall trends

Naphthenates of cobalt, manganese, calcium, copper, iron, zinc, and zirconium are used as driers in printing inks. Their use in coatings is declining as a result of the use of higher metal content synthetic driers and the overall trend to latex paint in architectural coatings. 

This requirement is similar to that in clause 4.14.3 under Preventive action since the data collected for preventive action serves a similar purpose. In one case an analysis of company-level data serves to identify overall trends and predict potential failures that will affect achievement of the goals. In the preventive action case, the data serves to identify local and overall trends and predict potential failures that will affect achievement of specified requirements for the product, process, and quality system. It would be sensible to develop a data collection and analysis system that serves all levels in the organization, with criteria at each level for reporting data upwards as necessary. You should not treat this requirement separately from that for preventive action since the same data should be used. However, the explanation given in clause 4.1.5 of Operational performance does include some factors that may not be addressed in your preventive action procedures. 

The overall trend in conductivity with respect to cation type follows the order imi-dazolium > sulfonium > ammonium > pyridinium. Interestingly, the correlation between the anion type or size and the ionic liquid conductivity is very limited. Other than the higher conductivities observed for ionic liquids with the [BF4] anion, there appears to be no clear relationship between anion size and conductivity. Ionic liquids with large anions such as [(CF3S02)2N] , for example, often exhibit higher conductivities than those with smaller anions, such as [CFF3C02] . 

The overall trend of reactivities for t-butoxy radicals with the fluoro-olcfins more closely parallels that for methyl radicals than that for the electrophilic trifluoromethyl or trichloromethyl radicals. 

These processes have been assumed to have varying importance in the literature but all lead to a different type of concentration dependence compared with that of Sect. 3.3. Sanchez and Di Marzio [49] considered cases (ii) and (iv) whilst more recently Toda et al. [88] argued that (i) and (iii) are likely to be more important. It is probable that no one process will predominate for all molecular weights, supercoolings and concentrations, and therefore we explain under what conditions the above processes will be important and the dependence on concentration to which they give rise. If several processes contribute then there will be many complicating factors and only the overall trends will be observed. 

Include multiple water bodies (clusters of sites) within each monitored geographic area. Within a geographic area, the chosen biological indicators should be sampled in several waterbodies of a given type (i.e., clusters of lakes or streams), because data from several sites will probably be needed to identify the overall trend within the area (Section 4.4). The direction of temporal trends can differ among individual water bodies because of spatio-temporal variation in other factors that influence mercury... 

The overall trend is explainable, at least qualitatively, with simple unimolecular decay theory. When a correction term is incorporated into the theoretical collision limit to account for the intrinsic surface site reactivity in the bulk, excellent agreement is obtained with the overall reactivity. In considering the overall trends, certain clusters, namely Cu+, Cuj, and Cu in particular, displayed somewhat anomalous reactivities which might be associated with structural and/or electronic effects. 

Figure 23. Plot of experimental ( ) and theoretical three-body rate constants as a function of cluster size for the clustering of one CO molecule to copper clusters, Cun. Note the dramatic increase in reactivity (almost four orders of magnitude) within the first seven atom additions to the clusters. The overall trend represents a transition from termolecular to effective bimolecular behavior. The solid line (theory) was obtained assuming a loose transition state while the dotted line shows the results for a tight transition state for monomer and dimer only (upper limit). Taken with permission from ref. 155.

The overall trend described in this section in going from a more complex and time-consuming computational protocol, such as PSAhydrogen-bonding counts, while still capturing the same information content is a general one that will be an overall theme in this chapter The simpler, the better but do not fumble the ball . 

Fig. 11.7 Effect of HU on ml-CAM-1 expression in the TrHBMEC (a) and EA-hy 926 (b). These cells were incubated with HU 250 pM for 48 h with or without 100 U mb of TNFaand IFNy. mlCAM-1 cellular expression was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results are the Mean Fluorescent Index (MFI) of one representative experiment, with overall trend in three other independent experiments being comparable. Parallel estimation of slCAM-1 release in the culture supernatant of TrHBMEC cells (6 independent experiments) revealed that without cytokines sICAM-1 was not detectable in the supernatant for the basal conditions. The results of HU-treated cells (c) in the presence of cytokines showed a significant increase in release of slCAM-1 (p <0.05).

Figure 63-1 Linear and nonlinear data. Figure 63-la Even when the overall trend of the data is to follow a straight line none of the data points meet the strict criterion of having the test results strictly proportional to the analyte concentration. Figure 63-lb shows that for nonlinear data there are systematic departures from the straight line as well as random departures.

Examination of Figures 2 to 4 clearly indicates flow enhancement of the desorption as seen by the substantial decreases in adsorbance once flow is applied. The overall trend of the desorption curves for the three molecular weight samples is similar and is characterized by a fairly rapid initial desorption followed by an approach to steady state. The desorption rate increases with the velocity gradient whereas the steady state adsorbance decreases as the flow is increased. 

Thermoplastics for aircraft interiors have been evaluated by this technique (10b) in accordance with the FAA specification (peak rate of heat release of 65 kilowatts per meter squared (Kw/m 2) or less). In these tests (10b) Polyether sulfone demonstrated marginal compliance. For Polyether imide (PHI) and PEI/Polydimethyl siloxane copolymers peak heat-release rates were well below the specified value. The overall trend suggested a possible correlation of peak heat release values with aromatic carbon content in the polymers evaluated. 

The overall trend in processes indicates a gradual shift away from the high-energy (and usually expensive) intermediates, such as acetylene, toward lower-energy materials, such as paraffins and methanol. 

These methods of modelling steric effects will be discussed in detail in Section III of this work. With the exception of the correlation of a for the Si(OAk)MePh groups with equation 22, all of the results were significant. The data sets were small but the overall trend seems clear there is generally a dependence on steric effects for these substituent constants. We have therefore generally excluded the values determined by this method from the tables of substituent constants given in this work. Exceptions have been made in a few cases for groups for which values have not been determined by any other methods. 

Figure 8.11 shows that there is indeed a tendency for N/O to increase with O/H, but not in the simple linear fashion implied by Eq. (8.12). The overall trend is actually remarkably like that of carbon, and there has to be a primary component... 

The above models are all rather unsatisfactory, because they involve somewhat arbitrary assumptions about the time-dependence of the cosmic-ray flux and spectrum and because they predict a secondary-like behaviour for Be and B abundances, whereas the overall trend indicated by the data is more like a primary one and there are the energetic difficulties pointed out above. In the case of nB, there is a possible primary mechanism for stellar production in supemovae by neutrino spallation processes (Woosley et al. 1990 Woosley Weaver 1995), but the primary-like behaviour of beryllium in metal-poor stars, combined with a constant B/Be ratio of about 20 fully consistent with cosmic-ray spallation (Garcia Lopez et al. 1998) in the absence of any known similar process for Be, indicates that this does not solve the problem unless a primary process can be found for Be as well. Indeed,... 

Overall trends in covalent/ionic resonance will be compared with net charge transfer and other descriptors previously correlated with H-bond strength. 

Unlike the bulk morphology, block copolymer thin films are often characterized by thickness-dependent highly oriented domains, as a result of surface and interfacial energy minimization [115,116]. For example, in the simplest composition-symmetric (ID lamellae) coil-coil thin films, the overall trend when t>Lo is for the lamellae to be oriented parallel to the plane of the film [115]. Under symmetric boundary conditions, frustration cannot be avoided if t is not commensurate with L0 in a confined film and the lamellar period deviates from the bulk value by compressing the chain conformation [117]. Under asymmetric boundary conditions, an incomplete top layer composed of islands and holes of height Lo forms as in the incommensurate case [118]. However, it has also been observed that microdomains can reorient such that they are perpendicular to the surface [ 119], or they can take mixed orientations to relieve the constraint [66]. 

The progress of recovery efforts cannot be based confidently on LNAPL product thickness maps. Although these maps provide quantification of overall trends, the numerous factors that impact hydrocarbon thicknesses make accurate quantification difficult. An estimate of effectiveness thus is based on volume recovered to date divided by the total volume that is considered recoverable. Furthermore, as the recovery project progresses and new data are introduced, the volume and time frame for recovery should be continually reevaluated and revised. 

Before reviewing reactions of the individual hydrocarbons, some overall trends will be discussed. In general, post-reaction surface analysis by AES showed the presence of submonolayer coverages of carbon, with a fractional coverage fairly independent of reaction conditions for a given alkane. The amount of carbon left on the surface increased approximately linearly with the size of the parent hydrocarbon molecule. This carbon residue is not believed to be an important intermediate in the hydrogenolysis reactions , however,... 

Very similar characteristics (bi-Langmuir model) and overall trends have been also found for 3CPP on the tBuCQD-CSP in the NPLC mode, yet the saturation capacities at the enantioselective sites were much larger than in case of TFAE [54]. 

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