Operation and Performance

The maximum electrical work (M ei) of a fuel cell is given by the change in the free energy of the overall (combined anodic and cathodic) electrochemical reaction 

The operational cell voltage is the difference between the potentials of the cathode and the anode (as these potentials are altered due to the corresponding activation and concentration losses of each electrode) minus the ohmic losses, of the various stack components  

The thermal efficiency of an actual fuel cell, operating irreversibly at temperature T. reduces to  

the efficiency of an actual fuel cell can be expressed in terms of the ratio of the operating cell voltage to the standard cell voltage. 

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Tbe use of special motors was more relevant until the 1980s. when solid-state technology was still in its infancy and wa.s not so widely applied. With the advent of static drives, as discus.sed in Sections 6.2-6.4, the use of standard motors is gradually becoming more common for all these applications. The drive it.self can alter the supply parameters to the required level to make a standard motor operate and perform within desired parameters, besides conserving energy. The purpose of describing a few of these applications is only to indicate their non-standard features, where a standard motor with normal controls may not be able to perform the required duties. 

Ambient temperature, altitude and atmospheric conditions at the place of installation of electrical equipment are considered to be the service conditions for the equipment to operate and perform its duties. All electrical equipment is designed for specific service conditions and variations may influence its performance. Below we analyse the influence of such non-standard service conditions on the performance of equipment and the required safeguards to achieve its required performance. 

Rowley and SkrotzkF provide an excellent summary of the operation and performance of the gas turbine, see Figure 14-40. The following is copied by permission ... 

To ensure that equipment is fit for its intended purpose, there is a series of qualifying steps that the analyst or vendor should apply to analytical instrumentation (3,4). Equipment can be evaluated through a series of tests or procedures designed to determine if the system meets an established set of specifications governing the accepted operating parameters. The successful completion of such tests justifies that the system operates and performs as expected. There are four components of instrument qualification design, installation, operational, and performance. 

Instrument qualifications are the tests that are performed after the equipment is installed for use in a laboratory. Instrument qualifications include installation qualification, operational qualification, and performance qualification. These tests verify that the equipment is installed, operates, and performs according to the manufacturer s specifications. Each of these types of qualifications is defined in more detail in the following sections. 

The manufacturer often creates an instrument qualification plan and provides installation, operational, and performance qualifications to be executed in the customer s laboratory. The company using the equipment must determine if the manufacturer supplied instrument qualifications is comprehensive enough to be sure that the equipment is installed, operating, and performing correctly. If they feel it is not, they may choose to perform more tests themselves. 

Demonstrate the operation and performance of key process components for future scale-up, including instrumentation, valves, pumps, electrochemical cells (electrodes and membranes), the full-height NOx reformer, and the offgas scrubber operating in conjunction with the NOx reformer. 

Although this definition refers specifically to a process, it can also be easily applied to automated systems and software. One could read this as Establishing documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that a specific automated system and/or software product will consistently operate and perform to its pre-determined specifications and quality attributes . 

Scott, R. R W. and Kucera, R, Mode of operation and performance-characteristics of microbore colnmns for nse in liqnid-chromatography. Journal of Chromatography 169(Feb), 51-72, 1979. 

SGPV is an emerging technology. Design, operational, and performance issues remain currently untested. The vendor is currently planning a commercial facihty. 

Detailed information on designs, principles of operation, and performance characteristics of electron accelerators is available in several books. ... 

The correction of order a Za) induced by the polarization operator insertions in the external photon lines in Fig. 3.10 was obtained in [40, 41, 42] and may again be calculated in the skeleton integral approach. We will use the simplicity of the one-loop polarization operator, and perform this calculation in more detail in order to illustrate the general considerations above. For calculation of the respective contribution one has to insert the polarization operator in the skeleton integrand in (3.33)... 

To describe the procedure for validation of the freeze drier to ensure it meets the installation, operational, and performance qualihcation criteria... 

To describe the procedure to ensure that the metal check device meets installation, operational, and performance qualihcations to detect metal parts accidentally added into the powder blend during and after sieving... 

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