Gather operation

Design validation may take the form of qualification tests which stress the product up to and beyond design limits - beta tests where products are supplied to several typical users on trial in order to gather operational performance data, performance trials, and reliability and maintainability trials where products are put on test for prolonged periods to simulate usage conditions. 

Note that the performance models for Rabenseifner s all-to-one reduce and all-reduce are identical because the gather operation used for the all-to-one reduce has the same communication requirement as the all-to-all broadcast used in the all-reduce. 

A number of the most widely used collective communication operations provided by MPI are listed in Table A.3. The collective operations have been grouped into operations for data movement only (broadcast, scatter, and gather operations), operations that both move data and perform computation on data (reduce operations), and operations whose only function is to synchronize processes. In the one-to-all broadcast, MPl Bcast, data is sent from one process (the root) to all other processes, while in the all-to-all broadcast, MPI A11 gather, data is sent from every process to every other process (one-to-all and all-to-all broadcast operations are discussed in more detail in section 3.2). The one-to-all scatter operation, MPI Scatter, distributes data from the root process to all other processes (sending different data to different processes), and the all-to-one gather, MPI Gather, is the reverse operation, gathering data from all processes onto the root. 

Simply, gas gathering operations away from inhabited areas are unregulated until the product is delivered into a transmission or product pipeline for transport off the property into the pipeline system. There have been ongoing discussions for PHMSA to extend its regulatory reach into these unregulated operations, but this does not appear imminent at this time. 

Pash joined the U.S. G-2 Army Intelligence reserves as a second lieutenant in 1930. During the early part of World War II, he oversaw some U.S. Army intelligence-gathering operations along the border with Mexico whose purpose was to uncover possible Japanese activities to secure landing sites for their aircraft and submarines for an attack on the continental United States. Pash was later made responsible for the security of the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, which performed work for the Manhattan Project. Leslie R. Groves, the head of the project, recommended Pash to head the ALSOS Mission. 

This first information about the reservoir is recorded, as a function of depth, in the form of several columns. Although rather qualitative in many respects, mudlogging is an important data gathering technique. It is of importance as a basis for operational decisions, e.g. at what depth to set casing, or where to core a well. Mudlogging is also cheap, as data is gathered while the normal drilling operations go on. 

The first function of a wellsite is to accommodate drilling operations. However, a wellsite must be designed to allow access for future operations and maintenance activity, and in many cases provide containment in the event of accidental emission. Production from a single wellhead or wellhead cluster is routed by pipeline to a gathering station, often without any treatment. In such a case the pipeline effectively becomes an extension of the production tubing. If a well is producing naturally or with assistance from a down... 

The function of offshore production facilities are very much the same as those described for land operations. An offshore production platform is rather like a gathering station hydrocarbons have to be collected, processed and evacuated for further treatment or storage. However, the design and layout of the offshore facilities are very different from those on land for the following reasons ... 

During the design phase, facilities (the hardware items of equipment) are designed for operating conditions which are anticipated based upon the information gathered during field appraisal, and upon the outcome of studies such as the reservoir simulation. The design parameters will typically be based upon assessments of... 

Virtuady ad new pdot plants wid be computer controded and heavdy automated due to the high cost of operating labor, need for high accuracy and repeatabdity, and ease of data gathering and work-up. Stand-alone computer and programmable logic controder systems wid continue to dominate the market because of their low cost and ease of use. 

Open-Cycle Operation. In many chemical processes, the product to be cooled can itself be used as the refrigerating Hquid. An example of this is in gathering plants for natural gas. Gas from the wells is cooled, usually after compression and after some of the heavier components are removed as hquid. This Hquid maybe expanded in a refrigeration cycle to further cool the compressed gas, which causes more of the heavier components to condense. Excess Hquid not used for refrigeration is drawn off as product. A typical open-cycle is shown in Figure 12. 

A real-time optimization (RTO) system determines set point changes and implements them via the computer control system without intervention from unit operators. The RTO system completes all data transfer, optimization c culations, and set point implementation before unit conditions change and invahdate the computed optimum. In addition, the RTO system should perform all tasks without upsetting plant operations. Several steps are necessaiy for implementation of RTO, including determination of the plant steady state, data gathering and vahdation, updating of model parameters (if necessaiy) to match current operations, calculation of the new (optimized) set points, and the implementation of these set points. 

The analyst must necessarily rely on the expertise and efforts of others to operate, gather, and analyze samples and record (automatically or manually) readings. Communication of the goals, measurement requirements, and outcome to all involved is critical. It is imperative that aU involved understand their responsibilities, the use of the information that they gather, and the goals of the test. 

Sample Containers More saiTiple containers will be required for a complex test than are typically used for normal operation. The number and type of sample containers must be gathered in advance, recognizing the number of measurements that 1 be required. The sample containers should be tagged for the sample location, type, and conditions. 

Sampling locations for the unit test should be readily and safely accessible. The sample gatherer should be able to easily access the sample point. An isolation valve should be installed at the location. If a blind is installed, this should be modified in advance of the test. The sample locations shown on the P IDs must be compared against the actual locations on the equipment. Experienced operators may provide insight into the suitability of the location in question. 

Dead legs in the sample line must be discharged safely to ensure that the sample will ac tuaUy be representative of the material in the unit. Without blowing down the dead leg, samples taken will be erroneous, as they may be representative of some past operating conditions. If the location is nonroutine, the sample leg may have accumulated debris. The debris could partially or totally block the line. Opening the isolation valve to blow down the line could result in a sudden, uncontrolled release, presenting a hazard to the sample gatherer. 

Plant Sufficient personnel and supphes will be required for the test. Personnel may include additional operators, sample-gatherers, pipe fitters, and engineers. Upstream and downstream units need notification so that feed and product rates can be maintained. 

Modern petro/chemical processes provide the opportunity for gathering a large number of measurements automatically and frequently. Most are redundant and provide little additional insight into unit performance. The difficulties in handling a large amount of information with httle intimate knowledge of the operation increases the hkeli-hood that some of the conclusions drawn will be erroneous. 

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