Refinery site

Desalting is a water-washing operation performed at the production field and at the refinery site for additional cmde oil cleanup. If the petroleum from the separators contains water and dirt, water washing can remove much of the water-soluble minerals and entrained soflds. If these cmde oil contaminants are not removed, they can cause operating problems duting refinery processiag, such as equipment plugging and corrosion as well as catalyst deactivation. 

The BP-led feedstock recycling consortium recently unveiled its new larger-scale fluidised bed pyrolysis pilot plant, located on the BP refinery site at Grangemouth. The 2 tonne/day plant will take mixed plastics waste from a variety of sources to provide more extensive trial results, to be used in the conceptual design of a 25,000 t/y semicommercial demonstration plant. The consortium envisages a series of plants, of around 25,000-50,000 t/y, scattered across Europe. 

FIGURE 1.5 Hydrocarbon vapors emitting from an LNAPL pool overlying a shallow water table at a refinery site. 

FIGURE 4.9 Typical distillation curves for samples retrieved from a coalesced LNAPL pool from beneath a refinery site. 

FIGURE 12.5 Refinery site facility layout map showing well locations and configuration of the water table. 

FIGURE 12.6 ffydrogeologic cross section at refinery site. 

FIGURE 12.7 TOC distribution in shallow groundwater beneath refinery site. 

FIGURE 12.8 Schematic of trench recovery system beneath refinery site. 

FIGURE 12.9 General layout of monitoring wells and trenches at refinery site. 

For over a decade, LNAPL occurrence has been investigated beneath an active refinery site in southern California. Numerous monitoring wells along with LNAPL samples have been used to evaluate the extent and character of LNAPL occurrence. LNAPL was found to occur as five pools. The main pools each consist of individual accumulations of distinct product types occurring under both perched and water table conditions. Two different recovery and mitigation strategies have been utilized. In relatively high permeability zones, a system of two-pump recovery wells was used to recover fluids recovered water is reinjected without treatment. In relatively low permeability zones, a system of one-pump recovery wells was used. In the latter case, recovered water is treated prior to disposal. 

Summary of LNAPL Hydrocarbon Occurrence at Refinery Site... 

Horizontal view showing lithofacies control over LNAPL presence at the water table beneath a refinery site. 

FIGURE 12.22 Hydrogeologic cross section showing lithofacies and LNAPL presence beneath a refinery site. 

Substances that catch Are spontaneously in air without an ignition source are called pyrophoric. These include phosphoms, the alkali metals and powdered forms of magnesium, calcium, cobalt, manganese, iron, zirconium, and aluminum—all of which may occur at one time or another at a refinery site. Moisture in air is often a factor in spontaneous ignition. 

Hence, there is a need for gas-cleaning operations on a refinery site so that such gases are cleaned from the gas stream prior to entry into the atmosphere. 

Wastewaters may be collected in separate drainage systems (for process, sanitary, and storm water) althongh industrial and stormwater systems may in some cases be combined. In addition, ballast water from bulk crude tankers may be pnmped to receiving facilities at the refinery site prior to removal of floating oil in an interceptor and treatment as for other wastewater streams. 

A set of products cfr CFR to be produced at multiple refinery sites i I is given. Each refinery consists of different production units m that can operate at different operating modes p P. An optimal feedstock from different available crudes cr CR is desired. Furthermore, the process network across the multiple refineries is connected in a finite number of ways and an integration superstructure is defined. Market product prices, operating cost at each refinery, and product demands are assumed to be known. 

CF Systems has constracted several commercial-scale systems and has installed them at wastewater, industrial, and petroleum refinery sites. They currently only offer solvent extraction for food processing waste streams. 

More recently, Duval (15) estimated decay factors for the ambient PAH in Los Angeles using the same data. Following Gordon and co-workers, he assumed that PAH concentrations at a site in downtown Los Angeles were automobile dominated a site near to and downwind from the refineries had both automobile and refinery contributions. Using lead as a tracer for the automobile component at the refinery site, Duval determined the PAH emission profile for the refinery emissions. 

In the bioremediation of an oil-polluted refinery site reported by Baiba, Ying McNeice (1991), laboratory experiments performed before the field trial demonstrated ... 

Briefly, new uses may include improved coke-fuel oil mixtures, feedstock for petrochemical manufacture via gasification, lime kiln fuel for paper mills and as cogeneration fuel at refinery sites. The potential for coke usage with fuel oil is particularly high in Japan, where several industry participants estimate an additional 1.5 million short tons could be consumed annually. 

Roughly half of all wastes generated—44% (12,100 tons)—were reused, recycled, or recovered on the refinery site 56% (15,400 tons) left the refinery. Of the materials leaving the refinery, more than half—51% (7900 tons)—were nonmethane airborne hydrocarbons 37% (5700 tons) were airborne criteria pollutants such as SO2, NOx, CO, and particulates 11% were materials disposed of on land (1700 tons) and 0.3% (50 tons) were waterborne substances. 

The transition towards the so-called hydrogen economy requires the development of infrastructure plans. Currently, few limited networks for hydrogen utilization exist in the world, mostly concentrated in Europe (UK, Netherlands, Germany) and USA, and located close to refinery site for petrochemical or other industrial requirements. 

A more precise study has been made from samples of another refinery site. Figure 4 displays the two sets of spectra corresponding to the inlet of the wastewater treatment plant (samples 1) and to the main flux upstream at the outlet of the desalting unit (sample 2). The raw spectra do not present a direct isosbestic point (IP), but, after normalisation (see Chapter 2), the two sets are characterised by the presence of a hidden isosbestic point (HIP) [6], more or less evident, as shown on the zoom in Fig. 4. Considering the experimental error related to the absorbance measurement, the isosbestic point may rather be considered as an isosbestic surface. 

Figure 10. Treatment plants efficiency for refinery (site 1) and petrochemical (site 2) wastewater.

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