Cleanup operations

Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response. In response to an EPA mandate in SARA, Ha2ardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) regulations were issued. These address emergency responders, training of those working at Superfund sites, and cleanup operations. 

As the result of many years of nuclear reactor research and development and weapons production in U.S. defense programs, a large number of sites were contarninated by radioactive materials. A thorough cleanup of this residue of the Cold War is expected to extend well into the twenty-first century and cost many billions of dollars. New technologies are needed to minimi2e the cost of the cleanup operation. 

Corrective Action Application Case 1 - A spill occurred at the Houston Chemical Company (located in Texas County, Missouri) in June 1979 (U.S. EPA, 1984). An estimated 15,000 gallons of a 5 percent solution of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in diesel oil was released as shown in Figure 27. The emergency physical cleanup operations performed at the site were ... 

Voluntary cleanup operations, or those required by DOE or the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), or as otherwise defined by the HAZWOPER Standard... 

Cleanup operations at uncontrolled luizardous waste sites that have been identified for cleanup by a govermnent healtli or enviromnental agency... 

OSHA s Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) legislation protects workers who respond to emergencies, such as serious spills, involving hazardous materials. It also covers those employed in cleanup operations at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites and at EPA-licensed waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. 

Fong SH, Alvarez JL. 1997. Data quality objectives for surface-soil cleanup operation using in situ gamma spectrometry for concentration measurements. Health Phys 72 286-295. 

Cleanup operations required by a governmental body involving hazardous substances conducted at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites, state priority site lists, sites recommended by the EPA, NPL, and initial investigations of government-identified sites that are conducted before the presence or absence of a hazardous substance has been ascertained. 

Voluntary cleanup operations at sites recognized by federal, state, local, or other governmental bodies as uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. 

A chemical waste is any solid, liquid, or gaseous waste material that if improperly managed or disposed of, may pose substantial hazards to human health and the environment (Table 1.2). At any stage of the management process, a chemical waste may be designated by law as a hazardous waste (Chapter 12). Improper disposal of such waste streams in the past has created a need for very expensive cleanup operations (Tedder and Pohland, 1993). Correct handling of such... 

The data derived from any one, or more, of the evaluation techniques present an indication of the nature of petroleum and its products. The data can be employed to give the environmental scientist or engineer an indication of the means by which the spilled material can be, or should be, recovered. Other properties (Speight, 1999) may also be required for further evaluation, or, more likely, for comparison of before and after scenarios even though they may not play any role in dictating which cleanup operations are necessary. 

Various additional (secondary solvent cleaning) procedures have been proposed, including vacuum distillation [30], treatment with macroreticular anion-exchange resins [31], and treatment with activated alumina [32,33]. These secondary cleanup operations increase solvent quality, and continue to be studied to better evaluate their process and economic advantages. In the French UP3 Purex plant, vacuum distillation is used to regulate TBP concentration and solvent quality with beneficial effects. The latter include... 

REST was conceived for solving the most pressing question in Humanitarian Demining, or in any postconflict ordnance cleanup operation Where are there no explosives The most immediate need is always to identify those areas that are free of explosives, so that they can quickly be returned to normal activity, such as agriculture and transportation. Then the detailed search and removal efforts can be concentrated on the areas that actually contain explosives. REST has been used with success in several postconflict areas, especially in Africa. 

The capital cost includes a batch powdered activated carbon system, groundwater equahzation tank, O M manual, startup and training services, and 6 months of site operational services. O M costs cover the entire contaminated groundwater cleanup operation, including analytical. 

Based on 1995 estimates, the cost for the removal of a hot spot with dimensions 40 ft by 60 ft by 10 ft deep with the grouting extending 10 ft beyond the hot spot was estimated at 3,295 million. These costs could double or triple based on the project management, the need for containment devices other than weather shields, health physics support, and sampling required during cleanup operations. No cost estimate is provided for treatment and final disposal (D13730E, pp. vi, 120). Details of the cost estimates are given in Table 3. 

Regenerated MAG SEP particles still contain residual contaminants. The regenerated particles should not be recycled in different applications due to the possibility of cross contamination. However, the regenerated particles are safe to use during the same cleanup operation. 

On Scene Commander (OSC) The overall coordinator of an oil spill response team, usually a representative of an oil company, a government official, or an independent oil spill cleanup contractor responsible for on-site strategical decisions and actions throughout each phase of a cleanup operation and who maintains close liaison with the appropriate government agencies to obtain support and provide progress reports on each phase of the emergency response. 

Some samples lend themselves to small column cleanup such as that provided by Waters Sep-Pak (a miniature chromatographic column). And several suppliers offer processing turntables which will perform various cleanup operations which are frequently required prior to chromatography. And when samples have been cleaned up (whether manually or by one of these automated devices), they can then be transferred to an HPLC unit by any one of several available auto-injectors. 

At the start of the cleanup operations, after the fire was extinguished, all residents within one-half mile of the facility were evacuated as a precautionary measure because of the generation of toxic hydrogen sulfide gas. Overall, nearly 2,000people were involved in the evacuation. Most of the evacuees were allowed to return after a few days, but the evacuation lasted more than 30 days for the residents closest to the site of the fire. 

Cleanup operations at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites that have been identified fbr cleanup by a govermnent hcaltli or enviromnental agency Routine operations at liazardous waste TSD (Transportation, Storage, and Disposal) facilities or tliose portions of any facility regulated by 40 CFR Parts 264 and 265... 

Transport of drums and cans may be at ambient temperature, though the storage life may benefit from refrigeration. High humidity and wet conditions should be avoided to minimize the risk of corrosion or mold growth on the packaging that would entail an additional cleanup operation. The drums should be stowed away from excessive heat and noxious chemicals. For most journeys, standard freight containers may be used. 

The safety trials The safety trials conducted at the northern tip of Mururoa Atoll on the motus of Colette, Ariel and Vesta have left some particulate plutonium on the surface in that area, despite extensive cleanup operations carried out in 1982-1987 and in an adjacent sand bank in the lagoon. 

The above cleanup operations have led to the elimination of the main sources of plutonium activity on the ground. The extremely high sensitivity for the detection of atmospheric plutonium (of the order of 10 Bq/m ) has made it possible to measure the re-suspension of on the Mururoa Atoll, as a result of the cleanup work. This was... 

The U.S. DOE s extensive gasification industry interviews in 2002 found that there was not much incentive for gas cleanup operations above 400 °C. Prior engineering analyses have persuaded the industry that the efficiency improvements from operating above 400 °C are not worth the additional capital costs due to materials and the increased equipment sizes resulting from the larger volumetric flows. 

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