Preliminary stage

Before detailed formulation commences it is necessary to define the target end product broadly, particularly with respect to  

Next it must be decided which carbohydrate or carbohydrates will be used. Key factors ate molecular weight (and hence contribution to osmolality) and electrolyte content. 

Commercially available carbohydrates, all contributing 4 kcal/g dry basis, include  

Glucose Low molecular weight (MW) of 180, hence a major impact on osmolality. Low electrolyte content. 

Fructose MW 180 as for glucose, not rapidly absorbed from intestine nor quickly available for muscle utilisation. 

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The mode of operation, whieh ean be bateh, fed-bateh, or eon-tinuous, should be eonsidered during the preliminary stages of large-seale design. Bateh operation often involves simplieity in maintenanee of aseptie eonditions and minimizes operating losses due to eontami-nation or equipment failure. 

Vor-stufe, /. first step first (or preliminary) stage primer, -sud, m. first boiling, vortduschen, v.t. simulate delude, deceive. 

Petrocco, Preliminary Stage of Improved Packaging For Three 152mm Cartridges. . , PATR 4212 (1971) 20) J.P. Flynn, Dangerous... 

The autosampler can accommodate over 100 samples, as well as relevant standard solutions. Such coupling can also address the preliminary stages of sample preparation (as dictated by the nature of the sample). The role of computers in electroanalytical measurements and in the development of smarter analyzers has been reviewed by Bond (7) and He et al. (8). 

Drawing a tube off to a spindle is the simplest of the basic glassworking operations. It is a convenient alternative to cutting glass tubing when short lengths are required and it is the preliminary stage to many other operations. 

The price of each material is best obtained by getting quotations from potential suppliers, but in the preliminary stages of a project prices can be taken from the literature. 

For the factored estimate a list is made of all pieces of equipment, and the delivered cost of each item is obtained. This could be determined by inquiring from manufacturers, from past records, or from published data. The delivered cost of all the equipment is summed and multiplied by an appropriate factor. According to Lang this factor would be 3.10 for a solids process plant, 3.63 for a solid-fluid plant, and 4.74 for a fluid plant. These factors are referred to as Lang factors. This estimate is often used in the preliminary stages of engineering, but is not extremely accurate. 

Protocols to measure and mechanistically model and predict transgene escape and movement are in the preliminary stages of development (Tolstrup... 

Now, what more I would say at present that lasers are still in a preliminary stage of development - perhaps what I would call late adolescence in a human. When a child grows up, by the time they get into adolescence we can sort of see their potentiality, we can see how smart they are, or what they might do, and how much energy they have. Similarly, today we can visualize how important the field of lasers is, and we can see how active it is, and what it s likely to do, but we can t predict everything that it is going to do in the future. And so I would say the field of lasers is in its adolescence. We can see pretty well that it s got lots of potential, but we can t predict its entire future, and we expect other scientists and engineers to still find many more applications. 

We referred earlier to the significance of reactions at the alkylidyne carbon atoms of the dimetal species. Our studies in this area are in a preliminary stage, but Schemes 1 and 2 summarise some chemistry at the bridged carbon centres for the compounds (1 ) and (3,)(12). It will be noted that protonation of the neutral bridged al ylidyne compounds yields cationic alkylidene species in which one C—C bond of the tolyl group is n2 co-ordinated to tungsten, a feature revealed by both n.m.r. and X-ray diffraction studies. 

Apparently, hydrogen bonding is a preliminary stage of free radical generation through hydroperoxide decomposition. This is in agreement with the kinetic equation for hydroperoxides decomposition to free radicals [33] ... 

The last stage is supposed to be limiting. However, the limiting stage can be the transformation of the TT-complex into the o-complex of ethylene with palladium (preliminary stage). The rate constant k (water, T 298 K, ion force = 3g ion L-1) has the following values [246]. 

Checklists should be applied only during the preliminary stages of hazard identification and should not be used as a replacement for a more complete hazard identification procedure. Checklists are most effective in identifying hazards arising from process design, plant layout, storage of chemicals, electrical systems, and so forth. 

A number of experimental in vivo gene therapy trials on animals using PAMAM dendrimers are in their preliminary stages. Numerous in vivo experiments are currently being conducted in order to optimize the dendrimer generation, concentration, and complex charge ratio to obtain optimal transfection efficiency. 

Studies of the simple electron transfer properties of coordinated dioxygen are in a preliminary stage. The definition of reactivity patterns is obscured by inconsistencies and the lack of key pieces of information, as indicated by the comments above. Nevertheless, there is hope that some general features will emerge ... 

The use of molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations to study electrochemical processes at the interface between two phases is only in its preliminary stages. The need to provide a molecular-level understanding of structure and dynamics at the interface to help in interpreting the new microscopic level of experimental data will increase. However, many important basic issues remain to be understood before these computational methods become routine research tools. 

In our laboratory, absorption experiments were carried out on an unmiUed but activated ABCR MgHj powder. In the preliminary stage, the powder was heated up to 350°C in a volumetric Sieverts-type apparatus (Sect. 1.4.2) under a preventing pressure of 3.5 MPa (so as not to allow desorption), held for about 30-45 min to stabilize temperatnre, and then snbjected to the following desorption/absorption cycles ... 

Colorimetric field tests for TATP and HMTD were described in Section 5 dealing with peroxide-based explosives. This group contains Keinan s PEX [85] (E. Keinan, Personal Communication, February 2006) and the kit developed by Schulte-Ladbeck et al., which involves also a preliminary stage to avoid falsepositive responses by non-explosive peroxides [86]. The color change of molybdenum hydrogen bronze suspension upon reaction with TATP was recommended also as a field test. Exposure of filter paper strips which were soaked in butanol suspension of the molybdenum compound to TATP or hydrogen peroxide vapors rapidly bleaches the blue color [87, 88]. 

Biological fouling was monitored using the customary indicators of RO performance, including flux (productivity), salt passage, and bundle pressure drops (AP). In addition, the total bacteria count (TBC) of the RO feed water and the reject brine stream were also obtained using the membrane filtration method (Ref. 6). The increase in TBC between the feed and reject portions of the system had been found in the preliminary stages of... 

Since protein BLl 1 is nearly globular its location may be determined in a Patterson map with coefficients of [F(wild)-F(mutant)] and may serve, by itself, as a giant heavy-atom derivative. At preliminary stages of structure determination this approach may provide phase information and reveal the location of the lacking protein. 

On elevation of the temperature unstable allotropes become converted more rapidly than at low temperatures into the stable modification and the increased mobility of atoms at high temperatures produces a similar modification in the rapidly cooled conglomerates or amorphorus substances this conversion into the crystalline accompanied by a grain growth or a conversion of the micro-crystalline into the macrocrystalline state is termed sintering the preliminary stage in annealing. 

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